Term
| unconditional stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response |
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Term
| unconditional response (UCR) |
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Definition
| a response reflexively elicited by an unconditional stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a non reflexive response |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| a response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| (classical conditioning)presenting the UCS following the CS |
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Term
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Definition
| (classical conditioning)presenting the CS following the UCS; generally unsuccessful |
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Term
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Definition
| (classical conditioning)repeatedly presenting the CS w/o the UCS |
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Term
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Definition
| (classical conditioning)after extinction and a period of rest, presenting the CS w/o the UCS will again elicit a weak CR |
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Term
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Definition
| (classical conditioning)after conditioning, the tendency for stimuli similar to the original CS to elicit the CR |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
stage 1: CS(bell ring), UCS(food)
stage 2: neutral(light flash), CS(bell ring)
stage 3: neutral(light flash) |
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Term
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Definition
stage 1: neutral(light flash), neutral (bell ring)
stage 2: neutral(becomes CS;bell ring), UCS
Stage 3: neutral (food light flash) |
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Term
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Definition
| CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time (classical conditioning rationale) |
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Term
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Definition
| CS is a good signal for UCS (classical conditioning rationale) |
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Term
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Definition
| CS is a good signal for UCS and provides non redundant information about the occurrence of the UCS (classical conditioning rationale) |
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Term
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Definition
| (operant conditioning)behavior is rewarded; increases probability of response |
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Term
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Definition
| operant conditioning; 2 types: escape & avoidance; both increase probability of response. |
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Term
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Definition
| a negative reinforcement; behavior removes something undesirable. increases probability. |
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Term
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Definition
| a neg. reinforcement; behavior avoids something undesirable. increases probability. |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses, e.g. piecework |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses; e.g. slot machines |
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Term
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Definition
| behavir will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement; ex. going to the office to pick up bimonthly paycheck |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior will be reinforced for the 1st response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement; ex. parent responding to crying child(from child's perspective) |
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Term
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Definition
| based on classical conditioning; forcing the client to directly experience the feared object (the CS) |
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Term
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Definition
| forcing the client to imagine the feared object (the CS); based on classical cond. |
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Term
| systematic desensitization therapy |
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Definition
| based on classical cond.; forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS) while trying to ensure that the client stays relaxed by using a deep relaxation and an anxiety hierarchy. |
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Term
| conditioned aversion therapy |
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Definition
| based on classical cond.; pairing a desired CS with an aversive UCS. |
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Term
| contingency management therapy |
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Definition
| a general name for therapies that attempt to change the client's behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior; based on operant cond. |
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Term
| behavioral contract therapy |
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Definition
| based on operant cond.; a written agreement that explicitly states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| based on operant cond.; removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable beh. |
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Term
| premack principle therapy |
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Definition
| based on operant cond.; using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity. |
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Term
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Definition
thorndike (behaviorist)=problem solving due to trial-&-error learning
Kohler=problem solving is insightful |
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Term
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Definition
| animals have mental maps of physical spaces |
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Term
| Observational learning (Bandura) |
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Definition
| observing others' behavior can affect your own behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| animals are prepared to learn connections b/w certain stimuli |
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Term
| Instinctual drift (the Brelands) |
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Definition
| instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning. |
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Term
| fixed-action pattern (FAP) |
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Definition
| a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal |
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Term
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Definition
| features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP |
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Term
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Definition
| a sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors b/w animals |
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Term
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Definition
| a model more effective at triggering, a FAP than the actual sign stimulus found in nature |
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Term
| innate releasing mechanism (IRM) |
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Definition
| a mechanism in the animal's nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs |
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Term
| Darwin's thry of natural selection |
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Definition
| step 1:there are genetic differences b/w members of a species. step2:if a specific genetic variation increases the chances of reproduction, it will tend to be passed down to the next gen; if decreases reproduction, it will tend to not be passed down. step3: over time, more and more members will tend to have teh genetic variation that increases reproduction & less will have the bad reproduction gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce; altruism is problematic |
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Term
| altruism (reproduction context) |
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Definition
| an action that increases the reproductive fitness of other members of a species while decreasing your own. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes into acct. the # of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age; altruism is not a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| studied observational learning |
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Term
| Breland, K. & Breland, M. |
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Definition
| discovered and studied instinctual drift |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed a theory of evolution w/natural selection as its centerpiece |
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Term
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Definition
| studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections b/w certain stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| studied insight in problem-solving |
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Term
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Definition
| ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested the premack principle; that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity |
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Term
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Definition
| performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| developed principles of operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats. |
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Term
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Definition
| ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations |
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Term
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Definition
| ethologist who studied communication in honeybees |
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Term
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Definition
| performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias |
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