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psychGRE-learning & ethology
Kaplan material (2010)
60
Psychology
Graduate
08/19/2010

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Term
unconditional stimulus (UCS)
Definition
a stimulus that can reflexively elicit a response
Term
unconditional response (UCR)
Definition
a response reflexively elicited by an unconditional stimulus
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
a stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to elicit a non reflexive response
Term
conditioned response (CR)
Definition
a response that, after conditioning, is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
Term
forward conditioning
Definition
(classical conditioning)presenting the UCS following the CS
Term
backward conditioning
Definition
(classical conditioning)presenting the CS following the UCS; generally unsuccessful
Term
extinction
Definition
(classical conditioning)repeatedly presenting the CS w/o the UCS
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
(classical conditioning)after extinction and a period of rest, presenting the CS w/o the UCS will again elicit a weak CR
Term
generalization
Definition
(classical conditioning)after conditioning, the tendency for stimuli similar to the original CS to elicit the CR
Term
second-order conditioning
Definition
stage 1: CS(bell ring), UCS(food)
stage 2: neutral(light flash), CS(bell ring)
stage 3: neutral(light flash)
Term
sensory preconditioning
Definition
stage 1: neutral(light flash), neutral (bell ring)
stage 2: neutral(becomes CS;bell ring), UCS
Stage 3: neutral (food light flash)
Term
contiguity
Definition
CS and UCS are contiguous (near) in time (classical conditioning rationale)
Term
contingency
Definition
CS is a good signal for UCS (classical conditioning rationale)
Term
blocking
Definition
CS is a good signal for UCS and provides non redundant information about the occurrence of the UCS (classical conditioning rationale)
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
(operant conditioning)behavior is rewarded; increases probability of response
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
operant conditioning; 2 types: escape & avoidance; both increase probability of response.
Term
escape
Definition
a negative reinforcement; behavior removes something undesirable. increases probability.
Term
avoidance
Definition
a neg. reinforcement; behavior avoids something undesirable. increases probability.
Term
fixed ratio
Definition
behavior will be reinforced after a fixed number of responses, e.g. piecework
Term
variable-ratio
Definition
behavior will be reinforced after a varying number of responses; e.g. slot machines
Term
fixed-interval
Definition
behavir will be reinforced for the first response after a fixed period of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement; ex. going to the office to pick up bimonthly paycheck
Term
variable-interval
Definition
behavior will be reinforced for the 1st response after a varying period has elapsed since the last reinforcement; ex. parent responding to crying child(from child's perspective)
Term
flooding therapy
Definition
based on classical conditioning; forcing the client to directly experience the feared object (the CS)
Term
implosion therapy
Definition
forcing the client to imagine the feared object (the CS); based on classical cond.
Term
systematic desensitization therapy
Definition
based on classical cond.; forcing the client to imagine the feared object (CS) while trying to ensure that the client stays relaxed by using a deep relaxation and an anxiety hierarchy.
Term
conditioned aversion therapy
Definition
based on classical cond.; pairing a desired CS with an aversive UCS.
Term
contingency management therapy
Definition
a general name for therapies that attempt to change the client's behavior by altering the consequences of the behavior; based on operant cond.
Term
behavioral contract therapy
Definition
based on operant cond.; a written agreement that explicitly states the consequences of certain acts; useful in resolving interpersonal conflicts
Term
time-out therapy
Definition
based on operant cond.; removing the client from the potentially reinforcing situation before he can receive reinforcement for the undesirable beh.
Term
premack principle therapy
Definition
based on operant cond.; using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity.
Term
problem-solving
Definition
thorndike (behaviorist)=problem solving due to trial-&-error learning
Kohler=problem solving is insightful
Term
Cognitive maps (Tolman)
Definition
animals have mental maps of physical spaces
Term
Observational learning (Bandura)
Definition
observing others' behavior can affect your own behavior
Term
preparedness (Garcia)
Definition
animals are prepared to learn connections b/w certain stimuli
Term
Instinctual drift (the Brelands)
Definition
instinctual ways of behaving are able to override behaviors learned through operant conditioning.
Term
fixed-action pattern (FAP)
Definition
a stereotyped behavior sequence that does not have to be learned by the animal
Term
sign stimuli
Definition
features of a stimulus sufficient to bring about a particular FAP
Term
releaser
Definition
a sign stimulus that triggers social behaviors b/w animals
Term
supernormal stimulus
Definition
a model more effective at triggering, a FAP than the actual sign stimulus found in nature
Term
innate releasing mechanism (IRM)
Definition
a mechanism in the animal's nervous system that connects sign stimuli with the correct FAPs
Term
Darwin's thry of natural selection
Definition
step 1:there are genetic differences b/w members of a species. step2:if a specific genetic variation increases the chances of reproduction, it will tend to be passed down to the next gen; if decreases reproduction, it will tend to not be passed down. step3: over time, more and more members will tend to have teh genetic variation that increases reproduction & less will have the bad reproduction gene.
Term
reproductive fitness
Definition
takes into account the number of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce; altruism is problematic
Term
altruism (reproduction context)
Definition
an action that increases the reproductive fitness of other members of a species while decreasing your own.
Term
inclusive fitness
Definition
takes into acct. the # of offspring that live to be old enough to reproduce and the number of other relatives who live to reproductive age; altruism is not a problem.
Term
Bandura, A.
Definition
studied observational learning
Term
Breland, K. & Breland, M.
Definition
discovered and studied instinctual drift
Term
Darwin, C.
Definition
proposed a theory of evolution w/natural selection as its centerpiece
Term
Garcia, J.
Definition
studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections b/w certain stimuli
Term
Kohler, W.
Definition
studied insight in problem-solving
Term
Lorenz, K.
Definition
ethologist who studied unlearned, instinctual behaviors in the natural environment
Term
Pavlov, L.
Definition
discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning
Term
Premack, D.
Definition
suggested the premack principle; that a more-preferred activity could be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity
Term
Rescorla, R.
Definition
performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning
Term
Skinner, B.F.
Definition
developed principles of operant conditioning
Term
Thorndike, E.
Definition
proposed the law of effect; used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats.
Term
Tinbergen, N.
Definition
ethologist who introduced experimental methods into field situations
Term
von Frisch, K.
Definition
ethologist who studied communication in honeybees
Term
Watson, J.
Definition
performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning
Term
Wilson, E.O.
Definition
developed sociobiology
Term
Wolpe, J.
Definition
developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias
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