Term
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Definition
| elapsed time b/w stimulus presentation and the subject's response to it |
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Term
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Definition
| an "on-line" measure of information procesing |
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Term
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Definition
| used to associate various cognitive processes w/various parts of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| putting information into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| retaining information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| recovering the information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| reproducing information you have previously been exposed to |
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Term
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Definition
| realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you've seen or heard before |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall; model suggests that recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 types: recency effect, primacy effect, & clustering |
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Term
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Definition
| words presented at the end of a list are remembered best |
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Term
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Definition
| words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second-best |
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Term
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Definition
| when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating the information; keeping the information in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| organizing the information and associating it with information already in long-term memory; getting the information into long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| (LT memory)remembering how to do things |
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Term
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Definition
| (LT memory)remembering explicit information |
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Term
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Definition
| (LT memory)remembering general knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| (LT memory)remembering particular events you have personally experienced |
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Term
| encoding verbal material (LT vs ST) |
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Definition
LT memory- meaning
ST memory- phonology (sound) |
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Term
| semantic verification task |
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Definition
| methods used to investigate the organization of semantic memory |
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Term
| spreading activation model |
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Definition
| semantic memory organized into map of interconnected concepts; the key is the distance b/w the concepts |
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Term
| semantic feature-comparison model |
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Definition
| semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way |
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Term
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Definition
| attempting to produce as many creative answers to a question as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| short-cuts and rules of thumb we can use in making decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| making decisions about frequencies based upon how easy it is to imagine the items involved |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical image of the category |
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Term
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Definition
| ignoring the numerical information about the items being referred to when categorizing them |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest units of meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the grammatical arrangement of words and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| the meanings of words and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual order of words in a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| an underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| tell us how we can change from one sentence form to another (e.g., from a sentence in the active voice to a sentence in the passive voice) |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothesis that language determines how reality is perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| (Cattell's thry) increases throughout childhood and adolescence, levels off in young adulthood, and begins a steady decline w/advanced age |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| (Cattell's thry)increases throughout the lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
| investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process |
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Term
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Definition
| divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguished b/w the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another |
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Term
| Collins, A. and Loftus, E. |
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Definition
| devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory |
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Term
| Craik, F. and Lockhart, R. |
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Definition
| developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types |
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Term
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Definition
| devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity |
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Term
| Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. |
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Definition
| investigated the use of heuristics in decision making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic |
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Term
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Definition
| studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions |
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Term
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Definition
| used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem-solving |
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Term
| Macoby, E. and Jacklin, C. |
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Definition
| found support for gender differences in verbal ability |
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Term
| McClelland, J. and Rumelhart, D. |
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Definition
| Suggested that the brain processes information used parallel distributed processing (PDP) |
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Term
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Definition
| found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven (plus or minus 2) items |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed dual-code hypothesis |
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Term
| Smith,E., Shoben, E., & Rips, L |
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Definition
| devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g |
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Term
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Definition
| studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experientil, & contextual |
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Term
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Definition
| Used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities - factors more specific than g, but more general than s |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived |
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