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| A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. |
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| A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. |
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| Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events. |
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| Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. |
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| Process of learning these associations |
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| Organisms learn the association, organisms learn to increase behaviors that are followed by rewards and to decrease behaviors that are followed by punishment. |
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| Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. |
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| Unconditioned Stimilus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning. |
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| Unconditional Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing. |
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Definition
| The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. |
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| CS and UCS are presented very close to together in time. |
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| CS must not only precede the UCS closely in time, it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the UCS is on its way. |
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| Generalization (In Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| The tendency of a new stimulus tha tis similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. |
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| Discrimination (In Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| THe process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. |
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| Extinction (In Classical Conditioning) |
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Definition
| The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. |
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| The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning. |
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| The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context. |
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| A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned |
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| A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus. |
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Definition
| Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
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Definition
| Also called instrumental conditioning, a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. |
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Definition
| Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthed and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. |
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Definition
| Rewarding approximations of desired behavior. |
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| THe process by which a rewarding stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again. |
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| An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good. |
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| An increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant. |
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| An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response. |
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Definition
| An organism's learning through experience with unavoidable negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. |
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Definition
| A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. |
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Definition
| A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. |
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| Generalization (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation |
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| Discrimination (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. |
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| Extinction (Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. |
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Definition
| A reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time. |
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| Schedules of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. |
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| A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. |
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| The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
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| The removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
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| Applied Behavior Analysis |
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Definition
| Also called behavior modification, the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. |
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Definition
| Also called implicit learning, unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. |
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| A form of problem solving in which th organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution. |
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Definition
| The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interfered with learning. |
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Definition
| The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. |
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