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| axons arriving towards the CNS, processes sensory information |
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| chemicals released outside the body to affect individuals of another species are allomones |
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| modified version of a single amino acid, called monoamine hormones |
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| contains endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete different hormones. |
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| promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure |
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| two branches (sympathetic and parasympathetic), Sympathetic: mobilizes energy (stress and arousal), Parasympathetic: Restores energy (rest and recovery), Differ in structure and chemicals released |
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| Initiation of voluntary control of movements, maintaining muscle tone, and posture (target of the Substantia Nigra). Main structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus |
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| receive input from photoreceptors and synapse on ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve, which carries information to the brain, Bipolar cells release an excitatory neurotransmitter |
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| the endothelial cells that make up the blood prevent most chemicals from passing into the brain. |
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| fold in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates. Also called the central fissure |
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| Connected via the Pons, Associated with a) development and coordination of movement, b) balance, and c) somatosensory info |
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| The cortex is divided into four lobes. Sulcus – small groove, Fissure – large groove, Gyrus – raised portion of the brain (plural gyri), Each lobe is associated with different functions |
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| clear fluid that cushions and protects CNS and provides nutrients |
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| requires more light and allows color vision |
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| environmental information inside and outside the body, which is then transmitted to the CNS, absorption of physical energy by receptors |
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| toward the back / top of head |
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| sensory neuron cell bodies |
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| axons leaving the CNS, process motor signals |
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| Release hormones into the body |
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| Use ducts to secrete fluid outside the body, such as sweat and tears |
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| posterior portion is the motor cortex. Includes a language center (Broca’s area – motor movements for speech production impaired). Anterior portion (prefrontal area): Complex cognitive functions, planning, decision making, impulsivity) |
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| a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS |
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| are chemicals, secreted by one cell group, that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets |
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| Hypothalamus
Inferior colliculi |
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| relay auditory information |
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| controls amount of light that enters thru the pupil |
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| A layer of membrane containing photopigments; found in the rods and cones |
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| Lateral geniculate nucleus |
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| relays visual information |
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| structure that focuses light onto the back of retina |
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| Main structures: amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus, Regulates emotions – anger, happiness, and fear (amygdala) and memory of emotional experiences. Involved in storage and retrieval of memories (hippocampus) |
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| 2 inner layers, larger receptive fields in the retina, not sensitive to color and respond strongly to moving stimuli, and to large overall patterns but not details (rods) |
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| Medial geniculate nucleus |
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| audio from thalamus, axon in ear |
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| contains blood vessels that form the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Axons of neuroendocrine cells that produce releasing hormones converge on the median eminence |
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| Axons controlling sleep, arousal, and dreaming pass through, Raphe system – cell bodies for serotonin releasing neurons |
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| cortex that controls body movements |
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| Two general regions: Pyramid and Olive, Controls basic life functions (e.g., respiration, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, blood pressure), Afferent and Efferent fibers pass thru here |
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| are specialized neurons that release hormones into the blood |
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| analysis of visual information. |
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| A protein found in rods and cones (each have a different type) that is responsive to different wavelengths of light. |
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| portion of the retina that does not contain photoreceptors |
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| involved in reproductive and parenting behavior, uterine contractions, and the milk letdown reflex |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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| rest and restore, Activated during non stressful conditions or periods of recovery, Allows organism to replenish energy, Second synapse close (Discrete action) |
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Anterior portion (somatosensory cortex) Posterior
portion is involved in spatial perception. |
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| outer 4 layers, small receptive fields in the retina, mostly from in an near the FOVEA, specialize in visual detail and color (cones) |
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| chemicals released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species are pheromones |
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| Responsible for the transduction of visual information, and contains “opsin” (protein) and “retinal” (lipid) |
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| delicate and is layer adjacent to CNS |
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| releases important hormones and regulates other endocrine glands |
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| Posterior pituitary gland |
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| releases two hormones into the bloodstream – Oxytocin and Vasopressin |
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| analyzes information from the PNS, makes decisions, and transmits decisions to glands, organs, and muscles for execution |
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| are used by the hypothalamus to control the release of tropic hormones |
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| contains the photoreceptors that convert light to a neural impulse
(contains 6 different types of cells) |
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| is the type of photopigment found in rods. |
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| works in dim light (high sensitivity) but is insensitive to color (colorless), Rods release an inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| rapid, jerky involuntary eye movements for accurate scanning of a visual scene. |
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| Sagital view of the brain |
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| Shows structures viewed from the side |
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| Protein and amine hormones bind to specific receptors on the surface of a cell and cause release of a chemical signal—a second messenger—in the cell |
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| outer bone covering the brain |
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| involved in communicating sensory information to the brain and spinal cord (Afferent nerves) and communicating motor functions from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery (Efferent nerves). |
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| Sensory neurons are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses. |
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| Receives information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and body position. |
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| derived from cholesterol and made of four rings of carbon atoms |
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| blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid |
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| relays visual information. |
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| Sympathetic nervous system |
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| fight or flight, Activated during arousal and stressful periods, Mobilizes and uses stored and available energy |
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| Limbic System and Basal Ganglia, Cerebral Cortex |
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| includes the primary auditory cortex, a visual area and language centers (Wernicke’s area – impairment of language comprehension – jargon talk). |
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| major relay station for sensory and motor signals, Many nuclei (gray matter)- processing of signals |
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| are pituitary hormones that affect secretion by other endocrine glands, Tropic hormones have target glands with specific hormone receptors |
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| toward the belly / bottom of head |
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| motor neuron axons (cell bodies in Gray matter) |
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| Hollow interconnected chambers in the brain and spinal cord |
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| Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that is important in language development. |
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