Term
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Definition
| how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people |
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Term
Heider's Theory of Naive Psychology
-3 underlying principles |
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Definition
theory that people practice a form of untrained psychology as they use cause and effect analyses to understand their world and other people's behaviour
-3 underlying attributions:
1. people need to explain cause of behaviour to understand their motivation
2. to figure out why a person had this behaviour so they can predict how they will act in future
3. people make causal attributions to make distinctions between internal and external causes |
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Term
Jones and David's theory of correspondent inference
- 3 factors |
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Definition
theory that people infer whether a person's behaviour is caused by the person's internal disposition by looking at various factors related to the person's action
- 3 factors:
1. does person have choice to engage in action
2. is behaviours expected based on social role or circumstances
3. what are the intended effects or consequences of the person's behaviour |
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Term
| Kelley's covariation theory |
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Definition
| theory that people determine the causes of a person's behaviour by focusing on the factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and absent when it doesn't occur, with specific attention on the role of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. |
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Term
| Weiner's attribution theory |
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Definition
people attribute their achievements based on three dimensions:
1. locus: whether location of cause is internal or external to person
2. stability: whether cause stays same or can change
3. controllability: whether person can control cause |
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Term
| name the three dimensions in the variation of the weiner's attribution theory |
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Definition
internal/external
stable/unstable
global/specific - whether same outcome would occur in other situations or is specific to only this situation |
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Term
intergroup attribution
-ethnocentrism |
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Definition
making attributions about one's own and others' behaviour based on group membership
- ethnocentrism: tendency to attribute desirable characteristics to one's own group and undesirable characteristics to out groups |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error aka correspondence bias |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate the role of personal causes and underestimate the role of situational causes in explaining behaviour. people believe that when others' behaviour is caused by a situation, they will give obvious clues that reflect this external pressure. |
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Term
actor-observer effect
-we are less likely to do this with whom? |
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Definition
tendency to see other people's behaviour as caused by dispositional factors, but see our own behaviour as caused by the situation
- less likely t do this with our close friends since we have better knowledge of their internal thoughts and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| phenomenon in which people believe that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people |
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Term
| describe the concept of salience |
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Definition
| different factors are salient (obvious) for actors and observers. An actor is aware of the situational factors that led to behaviour. For an observer, the person is more salient than the situation. |
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Term
two stage model of attribution
- effects of distraction |
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Definition
people first automatically interpret person's behaviour as caused by dispositional factors, and then later adjust this interpretation by taking into account situational factors that may have contributed to the behaviour.
- distraction causes people to only stay on first step. lack ability to integrate situational factors. |
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Term
| describe people's beliefs about other's abilities and motivations |
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Definition
| people believe that others are unable to act in ways which go against heir attitudes (person A thinks person B can't go against person B's attitudes) |
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Term
| describe how we see the variability of our own behaviour compared to those that observe us |
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Definition
| we assume our behaviour is more variable than the people who observe us |
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Term
| describe the two reasons people have trouble detecting lying |
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Definition
2. fundamental attribution error (overestimate role of personal causes and underestimate role of situation in explaining behaviour)
1. assume people's statements reflect their honest dispositions |
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Term
| describe how we view our own, and other's behaviour as caused by either dispositional factors or situational |
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Definition
| we view other's behaviour as caused by dispositional factors, and our own as situational |
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Term
| list the 4 verbal cues of lying |
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Definition
1. fewer references to self
2. more negative emotion words
3. fewer "exclusive" words (but, except, without)
4. describe events in shorter more general way |
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Term
true/false
facial expressions vary between cultures |
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Definition
| false. they are universal |
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Term
| attribution errors much harder to find in which culture ? (individ or collect) |
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Definition
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Term
| which society are more likely to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors? (individ or collect) |
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Definition
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Term
| which culture views personality as more changeable? (individ or collect) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rules in a culture that govern how universal emotions should be expressed |
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