Term
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Definition
| An ongoing dysfunctional pattern of thought, emotion and behavior that causes significant distress and that is considered abnormal in that person’s culture or society. |
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Term
| Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Illness: |
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Definition
| Assumes Psychological Disorders have 3 primary causes (biological, psychological, social) |
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Definition
| Genetics, Abnormalities in neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Distorted patterns of thinking that influence people’s level of depression and/or anxiety |
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Definition
| Poverty, Family problems, homelessness, abuse, discrimination |
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| Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders: |
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Definition
| Assigning a label to a person’s set of symptoms |
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Definition
| Manual used by psychologists to make decisions about psychological diagnoses |
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| Role of Culture in Psychological diagnoses: |
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Definition
| Cultural factors play a role in what is considered a psychological disorder; disorders may be expressed differently in different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear/anxiety in the absence of any real danger |
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Definition
| Fear of a specific object or situation that is out of proportion to the actual danger |
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Definition
| Fear of being negatively judged by others |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder: |
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Definition
| Almost continual anxiety and worry about everything. Symptoms include sleep problems, attention problems, irritability, muscle tension, headaches, restlessness |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden Attacks of overwhelming fear. Symptoms include racing heart, rapid breathing, sweating, light-headedness, tingling in hands and feet, sense of unreality, fear of dying or going crazy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear of not being able to escape from a situation, with a tendency to avoid places that are crowded or from which escape would be difficult. Panic attacks often accompany agoraphobia. |
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| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: |
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Definition
| Obsessive thoughts that produce strong anxiety lead to compulsive behaviors (washing hands, cleaning, checking, counting) in attempt to decrease anxiety. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): |
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Definition
| After severe trauma, symptoms of nightmares, flashbacks, intense anxiety, and irritability |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes Depressive and Bipolar Disorders |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder: |
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Definition
| Symptoms of sad mood, irritability, loss of interest in activities, negative thoughts, sleep difficulties, appetite changes, concentration problems, feelings of guilt, frequent thoughts of death. Symptoms must be present at least 2 weeks |
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Term
| Pervasive Depressive Disorder: |
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Definition
| Milder depressive symptoms that are present on most days for at least 2 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experience of at least one Manic Episode (elevated mood, increased energy, decreased sleep, poor judgment, risky behavior, racing thoughts) followed by a swing to a very depressed mood. |
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Definition
| Less severe elevated mood, but equally severe depressive episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought disorder that includes symptoms of delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (perceptual disturbances—usually auditory), disorganized behavior and speech, and negative symptoms of apathy and avoidance of social situations. |
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Term
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): |
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Definition
| Disorder first diagnosed in children younger than 12. Includes symptoms of hyperactivity, problems paying attention and following directions |
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Term
| Psychological Disorders have |
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Definition
| tremendous individual, social and economic costs for society. |
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Term
| There are 3 approaches to treating Psychological Disorders: |
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Definition
| Biomedical Approach, Psychological Approach, Social Approach. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of medications to treat various psychological disorders, including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Biomedical approach also includes ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). |
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Term
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Definition
| very helpful in reducing symptoms of psychological disorders and are treatment of choice for Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of supportive, insight-oriented, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to help people decrease their symptoms of psychological disorders |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies are |
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Definition
| focused on changing problematic thoughts and behaviors; present focused, not past-focused. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies have been shown to be |
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Definition
| effective in treating anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies require |
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Definition
| that clients be actively involved in their treatment, and help them to identify and change distorted thought patterns and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Looks to change social environment to reduce underlying causes of psychological disorders. Couples Therapy, Family Therapy, Group Therapy and Community Mental Health Centers all use the Social Approach. |
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Term
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Definition
| as effective as Individual therapy; Community Mental Health Centers have shown some effectiveness. |
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Term
| Social Psychology Definition: |
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Definition
| The study of how people influence each other’s behaviors, beliefs and attitudes |
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Term
| Humans tend to make quick judgments about other people based on initial impressions. While these impressions are sometimes accurate, they can also be wrong. We tend to stereotype other people because it is a quick and easy way of taking in social information. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people based on their external appearance and social group memberships. It is related to prejudice and discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or social group memberships |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice |
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Term
| We recognize individual differences more easily when we are |
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Definition
| judging people who are in our social groups. |
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Term
| We tend to use Stereotypes to judge people who |
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Definition
| are not in our social groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of trying to determine the causes of people’s behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior is due to something about the person (their traits, mood, ability or effort) |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior is due to something about the situation or circumstance (something outside the person) |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error: |
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Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the role of Person factors and underestimate the Situation factors when judging others. |
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Term
| When we are judging reasons for our own behavior, |
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Definition
| we tend to acknowledge the role that Situations play, especially when we fail or have problems. |
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Term
| Upward Social Comparison: |
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Definition
| Compare ourselves to people who seem better than us in some way. |
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Term
| Downward Social Comparison: |
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Definition
| Compare ourselves to people who seem inferior to us in some way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others. More likely to happen if we are performing a response which is easy or at which we are highly skilled. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or slowly in the presence of others. More likely to happen if we are performing a response that is difficult or not well-learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Widely understood and accepted expectations about what represents acceptable behavior in particular situations. Bring order to society be decreasing unexpected or disorderly behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group process that occurs when people do not work as hard in a group as they do when they are working alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we change our behaviors or beliefs to match those of others in a social group. Example: Asch Study on judgment of line length—subjects will often agree with wrong answer if everyone in group is giving same answer. |
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Term
| Factors that increase Conformity: |
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Definition
| unclear situation, agreement of all group members, larger groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency to change your behavior or beliefs after a direct request. Affected by the same factors that increase conformity. |
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Term
| Techniques to increase Compliance: |
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Definition
| Foot in the Door (make a small request, then make a bigger request); Door in the Face (Make a big request that is refused, then make a smaller, more reasonable request). |
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Term
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Definition
| Following orders from an authority figure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Participants followed orders to deliver painful electrical shocks to a learner, even when learner begged them to stop. 65% of participants delivered what they believed was the maximum shock level of 450 volts. Power of authority figures is much greater than people imagined. Results were replicated in 2009. The effect of Situational factors is greater than we might expect |
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Term
| Factors that Decreased Obedience in Milgram Study: |
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Definition
| Others Teachers refusing to obey, greater distance between Authority Figure (Experimenter) and Teacher |
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