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| research project where two variables are related to each other |
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| dependent variable in an experiment |
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| measure if it was affected but the change in the independent variable |
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| a doctor that studies hearing voices- schizophrenia stem from high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine he is a |
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| long term impact of failing grades checkin in on them for every year for 10 years |
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| only search for information that supports their preconceptions |
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| missions of psych before WWII ignored |
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| studying what makes life fulfilling and nurturing high talent |
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| Piaget studied of thought processes of children |
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| experiment that can prove a cause-effect relationship why do people use other methods |
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| it is impossible or impractical to set up true control and experimental groups |
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| randomly selected 50 school students |
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| focus on how we learn observable responses |
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| Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark |
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| clarks findings were used by the supreme court to declare segregated schools unconstitutional |
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| understanding unconscious drives and conflicts in explaining human behavior use which psychological perspective |
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| to look into a story better you should |
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| read the article carefully looking for more info about how researchers came to the conclusion |
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| psych perspective that focuses on how healthy people strive to reach their full potential |
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| remembering a phone number |
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| research technique where one person is studied in depth |
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| to make a experiment unbias |
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| not tell participants to expect to occur until after the study is over |
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| theory of personality by Sigmund Freud |
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| assigns participants by chance |
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| nonalcoholic beverage that tasted like alcohol |
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| watching violent TV but not being violent shows |
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| correlation does not prove causation |
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| a group of people the researcher draws his sample from |
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| most helpful for revealing whether a persons personality is caused by the games they played as a child |
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| first american psychologist wrote first textbook found functionalist movement |
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| specific personality trait changes as people age can be researched through |
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| cross-sectional or longitudinal study |
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| study of behavior and mental processes |
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| understanding conscious experience |
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| difference between experimental group and control group |
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| perspective would emphasize differing political and economic systems |
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| don't prove cause and effect relationship as experiments do |
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| monitors and records the behaviors to track development of physical skills |
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| four basic principles judging ethnic of research involving humans |
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| informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing |
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| gathering information about attitudes through questionnaires |
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| studying illogical thought patterns and faulty interpretations |
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| specification of the exact procedures used to measure a variable |
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| early school of thought most influenced the humanists |
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| whether or not children who read at an early age recognize patterns in random symbols more quickly than others. describes what research study |
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| what group led by E.B. Titchener consciousness basic elements of thoughts and sensations |
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| testing people on how much sleep they get and they can only sleep for 3-4 hours during the study |
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| fearing snakes because this fear historically alloed them to survive |
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| early psychologist where white men b/c |
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| female and minority students were prohibited from attending colleges and universities |
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| questions would be greatest intrests to a behavior geneticist |
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| is being outgoing and inherited trait and does your environment influence its expression? |
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| researchers testable prediction about the outcome of research |
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| human behavior by looking at the interaction of learning and inherited genetic traits |
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| most important reason for understanding research methods |
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| evaluate information and make informed decisions |
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| least appropriate for using scientific method |
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| most likely reason a researcher might choose the case study research method |
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| only ethically possible study to perform |
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| awareness of yourself and environment |
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| pattern of biological functioning on a 24 hour cycle |
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| sleep debt contributes to |
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| hypertension, irritability, suppressed immune systems |
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| traffic accidents rates have been found to INCREASE after the spring change and DECREASE after the fall change |
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| amount of sleep we got compared to our grandparents |
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| grandparents got more sleep |
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| brain most likely responsible for sleep cycles |
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| hormones helps regulate the sleep/wake cycle |
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| protection theory of sleep |
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| safer for our ancestors to sleep at night |
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| stage the sleeper spends half of sleep in |
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| brain waves during REM are the same as when you are |
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| EEG tracing of a typical nights sleep |
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| NREM 3 and NREM 4 drop out of the cycle and REM sleep increases |
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| REM sleep is known as the stage during which |
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| REM sleep facilitates memory storage amount of REM sleep increases following stressful times which dream theory |
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| age group spends most time in REM sleep |
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| 8-year-old brother was caught sleepwalking what dream was he having |
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Definition
| sleepwalking does not occur in REM sleep because you are temporarily paralyzed during dream stage |
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| biological rhythms fall into 3 categories |
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Definition
| circadian ultradian infradian |
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Definition
| kids in adolescence have a large sleep debt |
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| fell asleep and woke up feeling like you haven't been sleeping at all in the |
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| typical nights sleep 8-9 hours brains cycles through the REM stage |
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Definition
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| brainstem performs a vital role during REM sleep by |
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Definition
| stopping all muscles movement in the body |
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| theory supported by evidence the dreams of a third grader are less dramatic and active than a 20 year old |
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| typical sufferer of sleep apnea |
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Definition
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| bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia |
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Definition
| do not use an alarm; sleep as long as you can in the morning |
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| children are ____ likely to experience night terrors |
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Definition
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| asking a person to relax and say whatever is on his mind without censoring himself |
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| defense mechanism where people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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| a gender identification process occurs during the _____ period |
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| going through something hard and then making things hard for others is called |
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Definition
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| Freud believed that gender identity is the result of the process of identification. what contemporary findings challenged this |
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Definition
| gender identification is achieved without a same-sex parent around the house |
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| Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest need to the highest |
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Definition
| physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization |
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Definition
| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am i?" |
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| humanistic and psychodynamic theories |
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Definition
| humanistic psychology focuses on conscious experiences not unconscious motivations |
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| sacrificing your own personal safety for others is hard to understand b/c of Maslow needs |
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Definition
| out basic need for safety must be satisfied before those of self-actualization |
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| self-actialized person is least likely to be highly |
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Definition
| concerned about others opinions of him |
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| society benefited from humanistic psychology |
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Definition
| child-rearing techniques and workplace management have been influenced by this theory |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| Tendency for observers to underestimate situational factors and overestimate dispositional factors |
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Definition
| More likely made by scientists when explaining poverty. |
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| Fundamental attribution error; obedience |
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Definition
| When a student backs down when arguing with a teacher and doesn't have much will power or confidence. |
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| Cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| We act to reduce tension when our thoughts and actions are inconsistent |
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| Vanna is least likely to to steal the merchandise if |
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Definition
| She is aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting |
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Definition
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| More likely influenced when |
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Definition
| Are unsure of our answers |
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| humanistic psychology point out that |
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Definition
| many terms are vague and hard to define precisely so they can be tested scientifically |
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Definition
| characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation |
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| Gordon Allports led the way for the ____ theory to develop |
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Definition
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Term
| disorganized, carless, and impulsive have a low score on the Big Five personality dimension of |
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Definition
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| trust, helpfulness, and soft-hearted are associated with with Big Five |
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Definition
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| Neuroticism in the Big Five |
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Definition
| Eysenck's emanational stability-instability |
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Definition
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| Big Fiver personality contend to |
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Definition
| expanded to include dimensions such as femininity- masculinity |
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| a picture of two men and then you have to tell a story about them this is a |
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Definition
| psychoanalyst administering a projective test |
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| calm and secure. he would be labeled as high in emotional stability. this illustrated which weakness of trait theory |
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Definition
| inability to explain why individuals behave the way they do |
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| perspective personality like modeling, rewards for behavior influences of the environment is |
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Definition
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| hopelessness and passive resignation we learn when we can't avoid repeated bad events is called |
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Definition
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| internal locus of control is more likely to |
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Definition
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| pessimistic explanatory style |
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Definition
| I am bad at math it doesn't matter what i do i always fail |
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| social-cognitive theory study |
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Definition
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| critic of social-cognitive theory |
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Definition
| this theory focuses too much on how situations guide out behaviors and not enough on the role emotions play |
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Definition
| Tagging along with friends when knowing its wrong |
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| Tagging along with random people doing something random |
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| Simon does what his teacher tells him |
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| Improved performance of tasks with others present |
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| Increase of groups attitudes through discussion |
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| People in a group exerting less effort when acting toward a common goal |
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Definition
| Belinda never studied for a big test and talks on the phone and watched videos. She receives her grade and she tells herself that she just doesn't get it. |
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| thinking feeling and acting |
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Definition
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| according to Freud unconscious is |
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Definition
| thought wishes feelings and memories of which we are largely unaware |
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| according to Freud personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong |
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Definition
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| according to Freud the part of our personality that mediates demands from the id and the superego is |
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Definition
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| stressful situations the child will ____ experience |
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Definition
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| Freud's psychosexual stages |
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Definition
| oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
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| according to Freud boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ___ stage |
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Definition
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| sad to meet you instead of glad to meet you is |
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Definition
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| having a temper tantrum and not being able to stop it |
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Definition
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| running into an old boyfriend and not getting mad saying nice to see you |
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Definition
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| not wetting his bed for a year and then doing it again after his sister is born |
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Definition
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| washes the chalkboard before every class he is fixated at the ___ stage |
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Definition
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| being potty trained too early and too strictly most likely to become a |
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Definition
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| "inferiority complex" was coined by |
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Definition
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| Carl Jung that all humans shared a reservoir of memories called |
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Definition
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| projective test telling stories about ambiguous pictures |
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Definition
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| compared himself to others.. perceived shortcomings, according to Adler she is likely to |
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Definition
| develop an inferiority complex |
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| primary goal of personality assessment is to |
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Definition
| reveal elements of the unconsciousness |
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| contemporary psychologists largely disagree |
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Definition
| sex is the basis of personality |
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| criticisms have been used to discredit Freudian theories |
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Definition
| most concepts such as id, cannot be tested scientifically |
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| humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of |
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Definition
| fulfilling one's potential |
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| nurture positive human growth in others we need to accept them totally, Carl Rogers called this |
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Definition
| unconditional positive regard |
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| Self-fulfilling prophecies |
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Definition
| Teachers give boys treatment that leads them to outperform their female classmates |
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Definition
| Fact of small number of people unwavering their beliefs adding to the success of the movement |
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Definition
| longest structure in a neuron |
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| neural structure that is the plastic insulation that surrounds an electrical wire |
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Definition
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| recharging phase between firing |
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Definition
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Definition
| mimic a particular neurotransmitter |
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| schizophrenia is liked with excess activity for the neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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| a poison developed that blocked dopamine from being used by the brain what neural structure would be affected |
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Definition
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Term
| experience the pain of a sprained ankle ____ first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| episodes of depression, trouble with insomnia and lack of appetite may be experiencing imbalances in |
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Definition
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| peripheral nervous system controls glandular activity and the muscles of internal organs |
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Definition
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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| heart starts to race and you sweat. your physical reactions are triggered by |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
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| pituitary gland is sometimes called the |
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Definition
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| glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine when needed in emergency situations |
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Definition
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| hormone that would've helped little red riding hood to run away from the big bad wolf |
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Definition
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| after the accident to the frontal lobe Phineas Gage became |
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Definition
| unreliable, irritable, and unable to control his impulses |
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| brain scans involves magnetic fields radio waves and provide info about different structures in the brain |
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Definition
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| studying sleep disorders and how brain waves change during sleep us the |
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| oldest part and central core of the brain |
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Definition
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| incoming sensations from our senses (expect smell) go through |
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| being kept alive with life-support that control heartbeat and breathing. the person might have damaged the |
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| paper cut on your right index finger list of the accurate parts of the brain the impulse would go through |
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Definition
| spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| cant remember recent events |
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| brain stimulation to make someone violently aggressive |
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Definition
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| wrinkled outer surface of the brain that covers the lover level structures is called the |
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| crevice that divides the left and right hempisphere |
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Definition
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| lobe of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for critical thinking such as judgement and planning tasks |
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| motor cortex is located in |
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Definition
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| to make sure the neurons in the left hemisphere could not communicate with the right you could cut the |
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Definition
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| lobe of the brain the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back |
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| popular idea that people are right-brained or left-brained |
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Definition
| exaggeration of research on hemispheric differences |
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| two areas in the left hemisphere are responsible for speech and understanding speech |
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Definition
| Broca's area and Wernickes's area |
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| split brain surgery was developed to |
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Definition
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| a picture of a comb is processed in the right hemisphere with split-brain patient she should be able to |
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Definition
| use her left hand to draw the picture of the comb |
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Term
| correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse |
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Definition
| dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse |
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| increase above the threshold will not increase the intensity of a neural response |
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Definition
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Definition
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| chemical messenger released into the spatial junctions between neurons |
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Definition
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| neurotransmitter that has an excitatory effect then it |
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Definition
| increases the chance that the next neuron will fire |
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Term
| you are able to pull your hand away from something hot before pain is felt because |
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Definition
| the movement of the hand is a reflex that involves interventions of the spinal cord only |
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Term
| forgetting names of people she just met and having trouble walking and standing still the neurotransmitter _____ is involved |
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Definition
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| neurotransmitter that decides if you get a good or bad nights sleep and if you wake up in a good mood |
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Definition
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| brain evolution the sequence of brain regions from oldest to newest |
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Definition
| brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex |
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| damage to hypothalamus suffer the loss of |
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Definition
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Term
| auditory stimulation is processed though the |
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Definition
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Term
| body part that has the most tissue allocated to it on the somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
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| most tasks we perform use |
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Definition
| both right and left hemispheres |
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| cleasest difference between the functions of the right and left hemispheres |
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Definition
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| brain damage to the rear of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere may experience difficulties |
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Definition
| with movement on the right side of the brain |
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| serial position effect you can remember which two items can you remember |
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Definition
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Term
| looking at words and then entering the information what part of the memory is it going in first |
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Definition
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| most memory loss happpens |
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Definition
| first few days after encoding |
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| remembering the location but not the information |
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Definition
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| parts of the brain usually active during encoding become |
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Definition
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| true about repressed memories |
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Definition
| repressed memories may be possible but most individuals remember traumatic events |
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Term
| talking to your friend on the phone you forget her name for a second because of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| getting information into memory |
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Definition
| misinformation effect probably most affects memories in |
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| looking at a picture goes into which part of your sensory memory |
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Definition
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Definition
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| essay questions relies primarily on what retrieval process |
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Definition
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Term
| spacing effect which study method is most effective |
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Definition
| study every night not cram the night before |
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| Hermann Ebbinghaus after a steep initial drop off the amount of info we retain |
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Definition
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| childrens memories grow ____ as they age |
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Definition
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Term
| someones name by associating his name with the name of someone you already know is an example of what semantic encoding technique |
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Definition
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Term
| sequence of neurons representing a memory fires repeatedly synapses between these neurons are strengthened |
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Definition
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| what memory have the unlimited storage capacity |
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Definition
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Term
| memory of a present you got for your 5th birthday the memory is in your |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| continuing to study information even after you think you've learned it |
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| relating information to your own life experiences |
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Definition
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| enhanced ability to retrieve information more quickly in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information is called |
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Definition
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Term
| identifying information you previously learned from a list |
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Definition
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Term
| state-dependent memory... drinking coffee and then drinking coffee when talking the test |
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Definition
| the habit will make it easier for you to recall the info you studied when you drink coffee again |
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| explicit memories are processed through |
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Definition
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| Freud- motivated memories into the unconscious mind through |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incorporating misleading or incorrect information into a memory |
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| researcher most associated with research about the misinformation effect |
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Definition
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Term
| initial inability to recall is caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| most info we encounter is probably not encoded because |
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Definition
| the info was not considered important |
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Term
| adding info that you were told happened but didn't |
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Definition
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Term
| learning new vocab and then relating it to words with similar meanings |
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Definition
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Term
| how many number can you remember after a few moments |
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Definition
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| memory disruption occurs when one memory gets in the way of another |
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Definition
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Term
| dont remember exactly what pair of socks you wore yesterday |
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Definition
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Term
| how to help a child with techniques during questioning |
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Definition
| make sure the child understands the words you use in your questions |
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| Loftus and Palmer used vivid words so they exaggerate the crash |
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Definition
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Term
| mnemonic devices are helpful for which of the memory principles |
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Definition
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Term
| after learning a new locker comb and unable to remembering the old |
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Definition
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Term
| auditory info help in echoic store portion of sensory memory |
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Definition
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Term
| memories of young children |
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Definition
| preschool age children are more susceptible to the misinformation effect than older children |
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Term
| looking at a picture and identifying if you have seen the person before is what kind of retrieval process |
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Definition
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Term
| forgetting information because it was never memorized in the first place |
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Definition
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Term
| introduced to someone at a party cant remember the name the next day cause of forgetting is |
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Definition
| the name entered sensory memory but wasn't encoded into short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| info that is captured with no conscious effect |
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Term
| compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing more money than she actually does |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| rehearsal is another word for |
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Definition
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Term
| stress has an effect on memory.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Students from different cliques work cooperatively together to gain a common prize |
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Definition
| Administration wants to break down barriers between different cliques in the school. |
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Term
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Definition
| Goals that break down the barriers two different groups |
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Term
| Engage in few aggressive behaviors |
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Definition
| Prediction on Eli's behavior while taking testosterone pills |
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Term
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Definition
| Ever since notice of probation, increase hostility can best be explained by |
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Term
| small number of others were unwavering in their beliefs contributed to the success of the movements |
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Definition
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Term
| repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases out liking of the stimuli according to |
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| first filter that we use to decide if we get to know someone better |
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| aroused state of intense positive absorption in another person comes at the beginning of a relationship |
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| equity and self-disclosure is |
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| people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
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| fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other |
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| having other people around and then not helping someone because they feel someone else will help |
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| their limited feeling of responsibly |
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| favor members of our own group |
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| prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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| believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
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| all cheerleaders are scatterbrained |
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| does not allow women to play on its golf course based on prejudice |
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| Believes people out side their religion and of other faiths are considered sinners. |
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| dr mathia believes symptoms of schizophrenis stem from high levels of the neurotransmitter dopimaine in the brain she is a |
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| school of thought focuses on how we learn obervable responses |
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| professor ober monitors and records behavior of kids at a playground he is engaged in |
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| tip of the tounge feeling |
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| adding misleading info into a memory |
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