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| The scientific study of behavior and the mental processes. |
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| Explain how empirical evidence relates to the study of psychology. |
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| Knowledge results from observation and is tested through strict experimental and analysis. |
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| Summarize the nature vs. nurture controversy. |
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| How much of the individual is a function of heredity and how much environment. |
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| How does John Locke's concept of tabula rasa differ from Socrates' belief in innate knowledge? |
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| John Locke believed that every person starts out as a blank slate and learns from experiencing the environment. Socrates believed that every person has knowledge they just have to find it through self-examination and questioning. |
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| What early observations did Jean Piaget make that influenced the development of his theories. |
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| Summarize Piaget's view of chidren. What are the roles of assimilation and accommodation in childhood development? |
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development is a step by step process and it focuses on nature vs nurture, continuity and stages, and stability and changes. Assimilation is dealing with a situation the same way they have before. Accomodation is adapting to the world. |
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| Summarize the development that occurs at each stages of development. |
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*Sensorimotor stage:learns environmental relationships and object permanence. *Period of preoperations: develops problem solving strategies,symbolic functioning, egocentrism, egocentric speech, tranductive reasoning, and theory of mind. *Period of concrete operations: expands problem solving strategies, and develops conservation and clasification *Period of formal operations: Adult-like and abstract thought, inductive and deductive reasoning, and symbolic thought. |
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| An object exists even if they can't see it. |
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| uses language in a self instructed way. |
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| Tries to understand what another person is thinking |
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| Ability to understand that things can be similar and different at the same time. |
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| ability to change shape but not mass |
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| Kohlberg's level of moral reasonings |
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*preconventional morality: obey either to avoid punishment or to gain rewards *conventional morality: cares for others and obeys the law and rules because they are laws and rules. *postconventional morality: affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows basic ethics |
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| research on infant monkies and trust vs. mistrust |
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| demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons and encouraging open discussions and allowing exceptions when making rules. |
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| sumbit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment. |
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| impose rules and expect obedience. |
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| Summarize obstacles adolescents may encounter as they develop their identities. Focus on the brain and cognitive development, and the roles of the media and peers. |
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| Explain how Freud's concept of the id, ego and super ego interact in the formation of personality. |
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Id: pleasure principle EGO: reality principle Super Ego: Conscience and morals |
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| What are defense mechanisms? |
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| unconscious devices that serve to protect the individual from anxiety, making us unaware of guilt-producing motives or threatening experiences. |
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| blocking treatening events and memories from the conscious mind. |
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| retreating to an earlier level of development |
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| repressing a true, but threatening feeling and expressing the opposite. |
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| Attribution one's own unacceptable feelings to another |
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| replacing one's own identity with that of a group or another person. |
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| redirecting anxiety and energy into positive substitutes. |
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| avoiding unpleasant or threatening situations |
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| Summarize the humanistic theory of personality. |
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| man is good by nature, he is corrupted by society. |
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| Maslow's process of self-actualization |
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| Having a productive and meaningful life. |
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| Ideal-self and actual self |
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Definition
Self worth is often the result of feedback provided by others. Socialization->ideal self feedback->actual self |
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| social cognitive theory of personality |
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| personality results from how we interpret and respond to external events. |
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| Summarize Ellis' ABC's of behavior |
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Definition
Activating Event, Belief, Emotional Consequence events don't cause emotions our beliefs about the events cause emotions. |
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