Term
|
Definition
| negative or positive feelings toward people based solely on group membership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs associated with people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| categories for people who dont fit a general stereotype; can allow people to maintain stereotypes even with dis-confirming examples. ex: gay in NFL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception of outgroup members are more similar to each other than they actually are; looks, traits, mannerisms. Ingroup members seen more distinctive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| participants listened to a mixed group conversation, later asked "who said what". cross-group errors than within-group errors. ex: men got women speakers confused with other women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the finding that people show favoritism toward ingroup members even when its randomly assigned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having egalitarian values and negative feelings toward minorities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preferential treatment or favorable attitudes toward ones own group members. |
|
|
Term
| realistic conflict theory |
|
Definition
| the idea that competition over scare resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ones sides gain is the others loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goals achieved only by cooperating and working with others. to reduce hostility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups more competitive than individuals are. behavior motivated by fear and greed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that regular interaction with other groups reduces prejudice, under favorable conditions. |
|
|
Term
| rationalization for oppression |
|
Definition
| powerful groups retains power through use of stereotypes and prejudices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simultaneous positive and negative stereotypes about women. positive correlation between HS and BS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traditionally negative attitudes toward women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjectively positive, yet role-restrictive attitudes. Ex: women are wonderful, but weak and inferior to men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blames problem on outgroup, contributing to negative feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people use stereotypes as hypotheses to be tested rather than rules applicable to all: confirmation bias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people act in a way that fulfills stereotypes about them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people act differently then what is believed of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear that one might confirm the stereotypes that others hold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice. each students learn part of topic and teach to each other. cooperation serves self-interests. increases student achievement (minority and majority) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keep info and pass it along to future generations, use info to organize themselves, benefit from division of labor |
|
|
Term
| optimal distinctiveness theory |
|
Definition
| proposition that when people feel very similar to others in a group they seek a way to be different and when they feel different they try to feel more similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposition that presence of others will increase the dominant response tendency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concern about how others are evaluating your performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people reduce effort when working in a group; free rider problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we like to punish free riders and cheaters, even at costs to ourselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in a group; lead to anti-social behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of shared or jointly shared resources to be squandered and not used in an optimal or advantageous fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process when members of a small group remember different kinds of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of group members to think alike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups are willing to take greater risks than individuals would have taken individually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shift towards more extreme position resulting from group discussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early 20 century; attitudes are foundation of social psych |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early 20 century; behavior is a function of person+situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relationships between variables; cant determine causality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researcher controls procedure, participants randomly assigned, allows for statements of cause and effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make causal inference; IV caused change in DV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when 2 variables cannot be separated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human nature is similar across culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences across cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| human brain evolved to allow us to have complex social relationships; larger brain linked to complex social systems |
|
|
Term
| conscious system(duplex mind) |
|
Definition
| complex operations, controllable, flexible, effortful, one thing at a time |
|
|
Term
| automatic system(duplex mind) |
|
Definition
| outside of consciousness, uncontrollable, inflexible, effortless, can do things simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start to believe what the group says |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you dont believe it, but go along with it anyways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| public self; different than self concept, makes social connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| executive function, makes choices and gets things done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner thoughts or feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| public behaviors, official roles |
|
|
Term
| independent self-construal |
|
Definition
| what sets apart from others; western cultures |
|
|
Term
| interdependent self-construal |
|
Definition
| what connects the self to the group; eastern cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagine how you appear to others and how others will judge you; pride/shame |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feedback from others tell us who and what we are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examining the contents of your mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comparing yourself to people better than you |
|
|
Term
| downward social comparison |
|
Definition
| comparing yourself to people worse than you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we understand our thoughts by observing our behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intrinsic motivation diminishes for activities associated with expected rewards |
|
|
Term
| working self-concept (phenomenal self) |
|
Definition
| self-awareness of current moment, heightens self-awareness, can impair performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you want to confirm what you already believe (good/bad) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you want to look good; strongest motive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response by automatic system that everything good is me, and bad things are not me |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory is better for things you connect to yourself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same object worth more if it belongs to you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take credit for success blame others for failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus on avoiding losses, willing to take a risk to avoid a loss, less willing to take a risk for a gain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediate outcomes are more influential than future outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overvalue certain outcomes relative to uncertain outcomes; keeping options open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like to keep things the way they are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| easier to take option that involves doing nothing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes you want the forbidden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believe traits are fixed/stable, avoid risks, prefer easy tasks, failure=youre no good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believe traits are changeable, seeks challenges, failure=opportunity to learn and improve |
|
|
Term
| self-determination theory |
|
Definition
| need to believe we have autonomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we underestimate how long our tasks will take, assume we wont have any problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
altering emotions, impulses, behaviors
-standards: ideas of how things should be
-monitoring: keeping track of behaviors
-capacity to change: aligning behavior with standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| test, operate, test, edit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irrational, self-destructive behavior, self-awareness is high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking about people; cognitive processes that underlie our thoughts and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reluctance to do extra thinking; conserve resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fully aware, intentional, controllable, effortful, inefficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not aware, not guided by intention, no subject to deliberate control, no effort, highly efficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reading meaning can be an automatic process; difficult to override with conscious effort; measure social effects; EX: color naming slower when words are taboo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized info about a concept, attributes, and relationship to other concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| schemas about behavioral patterns EX: going on a date, proposals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activating a concept in the mind; thinking, judgment, behavior; automatic responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic priming can influence our behaviors, Ex: study scrambled sentence talk, 1/2 saw elderly primes 1/2 saw neutral, those who saw elderly primes walked down hall slower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whether messages stress potential gains(positively framed) or potential losses(negatively framed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus on positive; teeth will be stronger if u floss everyday |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus on negative; you'll get cavities if you dont floss everyday |
|
|
Term
| automatic and controlled thought suppression |
|
Definition
automatic-monitors for unwanted thoughts
controlled-directs focus to other things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "common sense psychology" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personal attribution; disposition, personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situational attribution; environment, other people, bad luck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
internal stable; ability, smarts, talent
internal unstable; effort
external stable; difficulty of task
external unstable; luck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person doing the act attributes behavior to situation (external) person observing the act attributes behavior to person (internal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior corresponds to person's internal traits; someone acts like a jerk bc they are a jerk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overemphasis on internal attributions |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| attribute behavior of others to personal factors and underestimate the influence of the situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
does this person usually behave like this
yes; internal/external |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
does this person only behave like this in this situation
yes; external(nice)
no; internal(mean) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do other people behave like this person
yes; external(nice)
no; internal (mean) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overestimating probability that tom is an engineer bc he sounds like an engineer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to judge the frequency of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
|
|
Term
| anchoring/adjustment heuristic |
|
Definition
| tendency to use an initial value as a starting point and then we adjust; not sufficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeing what you want to see; notice info that confirms and ignore info that disconfirms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share ones opinions, values, beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to underestimate how many people who share one's prized characteristics or abilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imagining alternatives to past or present events. if only...(upward) at least...(downward) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| powerful and unified feeling state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quick response of liking or disliking; good or bad feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bodily changes precede emotional experience; but same expression may go with multiple emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thalamus sends 2 messages;
-cortex: experienced emotion
-auto nervous system: physiological arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emotion has 2 concepts;
-bodily state of arousal: similar in all emotions
-cognitive label for emotion: determined by situation |
|
|
Term
| misattribution of arousal |
|
Definition
| bridge experiment with attractive experimenter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # positive emotions - # neg emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| let out your anger, healthy release of emotions and good for psyche; but leads to greater aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking based on assumptions that dont hold up to rational scrutiny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| false belief that one can influence certain events, especially random or chance ones |
|
|
Term
| affect-as-info hypothesis |
|
Definition
| idea that people judge something as good/bad by asking themselves "how do i feel about it" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predicting our emotional response to future events; often wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overestimating intensity and duration of emotional events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive emotions expand your attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some arousal is good for performance, too much can hurt it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional intelligence: ability to perceive, access and generate, understand and reflectively regulate emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic evaluative response; not always fully aware |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious evaluative response; not want to publicly express these |
|
|
Term
| implicit association test (IAT) |
|
Definition
| measures implicit attitudes; those we are willing or unable to report. ex; tapping right and left with bad/good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like things more after repeated exposure, particularly when we're not aware of it. ex; show photos of faces seconds apart and rate liking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pavlogs dog experiment; object and attitude get paired together; form implicit/explicit attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive reinforcement --> positive attitude. give praise for a behavior; person may develop liking for it (not always) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learn attitudes acceptable through observation; children imitate parents, teens imitate peers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attitudes become more extreme as we think about them; use confirmation bias, talk to like-minded people |
|
|
Term
| balance theory (POX theory) |
|
Definition
| person-other person-attitude object; we may change attitude to achieve balance. (need 2 - and 1 +) |
|
|
Term
| cognitive dissonance theory |
|
Definition
| inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes. ex; turning peg and payment ($20 vs $1) experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after you make a choice, you might still pine for the other option. decrease the attractiveness for rejected alternative to make you feel better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inconsistency between attitude and behavior; like between them is weak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs that need to be restored after trauma; things could be worse, restore self-esteem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people are more anxious/depressed, low self esteem, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces public compliance, inner belief that the group is wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces private acceptance; genuine inner belief that others are right |
|
|
Term
| normative social influence |
|
Definition
| going along with the crowd to be liked; asch line study |
|
|
Term
| informational social influence |
|
Definition
| going along with crowd bc you believe they know more than you do; start to doubt your own belief. most likely when situation is ambiguous(not sure whats right) or crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start with small request, follow with larger request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start with low cost, get commitment, later reveal hidden costs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make attractive offer to draw people in, oops original offer isnt available but offer another option |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| give people a label, make request consistent w/ that label |
|
|
Term
| legitimization of paltry favors |
|
Definition
| say even a small donation will help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| start with inflated request, retreat to smaller one that appears to be a concession |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begin with inflated technique, immediately add to deal by offering bonus or discount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argue against your own position; source appears more honest and credible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attending to and understanding the message; unintelligent people not likely to be receptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accepting the message; highly intelligent people least likely to yield |
|
|
Term
| Elaboration likelihood model&heuristic/systematic model |
|
Definition
| theory that assumes two routes to persuasion through automatic or conscious processing |
|
|
Term
| central (systematic) route |
|
Definition
| route to persuasion that involves careful and thoughtful consideration of the content of the message (conscious processing) |
|
|
Term
| peripheral (heuristic) route |
|
Definition
| route to persuasion that involves some simple cue such as attractiveness of the source (automatic processing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure to wear arguments allows for generation of counter-arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doing something good for someone or for society; builds relationships. conformity is prosocial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we help others to secure future help; why we help non-kin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get less than you deserve; humans animals dislike this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| getting more than you deserve, only humans see this as problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forced to choose between competition and cooperation.
cooperaters: good vs bad
competitors: strong vs weak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| possible for both people to benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the closer the victim the lower the obedience; closer the authority, higher the obedience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less obedience when others disobey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expect something in return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people less likely to help when with in the presence of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
notice
interpret
take responsibility
decide how to help
help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mistakenly believing that others do not share our reactions to situations |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| when everyone thinks someone else will do it; increases with larger audiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reluctant to act bc of crowd, fear of looking stupid or legal ramifications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damages interpersonal relationships or culturally undesirable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking it out on someone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life giving instinct; sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| death instinct; aggression |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
| occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration; existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assume other people will react to potential conflicts with aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specify what most approve or disapprove of; effective in reducing litter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specify what most people do; not been effective in reducing litter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-social behavior more likely in disordered environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people actively do to try to make others like them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with public appearance, try to maximize each social situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concerned with making permanent connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors reinforced will be repeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do favors for someone, praise someone; dont come across as fake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closest friends are usually close to us, but so are people we dislike the most |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| annoying habits become more annoying over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| threatened freedoms are more desirable |
|
|
