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psych
psych
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/13/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Psychology
Definition
Scientific study of behavior and mind
Term
Behavior
Definition
Observable actions
Term
Mind
Definition
subjective experiences such as thoughts and emotions
Term
Clinical Psychologist
Definition
Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems like depression, anxiety
Term
Applied Psychologists
Definition
Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world. Example: school psychologist
Term
Research Psychologist
Definition
Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
Term
Social Psychologist
Definition
study how people think about, influence, and relate to each other
Term
Developmental Psychologist
Definition
Study how behavior and internal mental processes change over the course of the life span
Term
Human Factors Psychologist
Definition
Design and engineer new products like the color of traffic lights, or telephone numbers
Term
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Definition
Employed in industry to help improve morale, train new recruits, help managers establish effective lines of communication
Term
Difference between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist
Definition
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor that goes through medical school and further training. Like clinical psychologists, psychiatrists treat mental disorders, but, psychiatrists can prescribe medications.
Term
Descartes
Definition
• 17th century French philosopher
• argued that mind and body are separate
• believed mind controlled the actions of a mechanical body through the pineal gland

• introduced the concept of reflex
o automatic, involuntary reaction of a physical body to an event in the outside world
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
• Believed that both physical and psychological characteristics were adaptive because of natural selection
• Principles of natural selection apply to characteristics that pass from parents to their offspring
• Natural selection plays a role in the evolution of mental abilities, then its easier to accept the idea that people may inherit certain ways of thinking or viewing the world ways of thinking
Term
Nature via Nurture
Definition
o Psychological characteristics such as intelligence, emotion, and personality, are influenced by genetic factors
Term
Wilhelm Wundt
Definition
• Established the first psychological laboratory 1879
• Recognized as the founder, or father, of modern psychology
• Believed in controlled observations
• Believed that psychology should be the study of what people sense and perceive when they reflect inward on their own minds
Term
Structuralism
Definition
• Founded by Titchener who was Wundt’s student
• Early school of psychology
• Structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound
• One problem: not easy to observe the internal networking’s of the human mind
Term
Systematic Introspection
Definition
• Early technique used to study the mind
• Required people to look inward and describe their own experiences
Term
Functionalism
Definition
The Proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose
Term
William James
Definition
• Functionalist
• Convinced that the mind couldn’t be understood by looking simply at its parts
• Need to determine the goal of the mental operation first, then you can discover how the individual parts work together
Term
Different Schools of Psychology
Definition
Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Psychoanalytical, Humanistic
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
• Represented Behaviorism
• Behaviorism rejects the study of immediate conscious experience and mental events, unless they are defined in terms of observable behavior
• Discovered the principles of behavior modification
o How actions are changed by reinforcement and non-reinforcement
Term
Freud
Definition
• Believed in psychoanalysis:
• The mind and its contents (psyche) must be analyzed extensively before effective treatments can begin
• Believed that dreams were largely significant and that people’s unconscious side of their brain guide and control actions
Term
Psychoanalytic
Definition
o Analyzing personality and treating psychological disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. Also contends that childhood experiences play an important role in shaping adult behavior
Term
Humanistic School of Thought
Definition
• Rejected Freud and focused instead on what they considered to be humans’ unique capacity for self-awareness, choice, responsibility, and growth
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
• Helped Develop the humanistic perspective
• Promoted the idea of client-centered therapy
o Therapist seen not as a judge but as a supporter and friend
Term
Abe Maslow
Definition
• Helped develop the humanistic school of thought
o Thought humans are built for personal growth, to seek their fullest potential, to become all they are capable of being
Term
Mary Calkins
Definition
• President of the American Psychological Association
• Developed the paired-associate learning technique
Term
Margaret Floy Washburn
Definition
• Second female president of the American Psychological Association
• First woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
• Published The Animal Mind
• Structuralist
Term
Memory
Definition
The capacity to preserve and recover information
Term
Inferred Capacity
Definition
Must be operating when people act on information that is no longer physically present
Term
Encoding
Definition
Processes that determine and control how memories are formed
Term
Storage
Definition
Controls how memories are maintained
Term
Retrieval
Definition
How stored memories are recovered and translated into performance
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Keeps the message in a relatively pure, unanalayzed form. I.E. Fleeting snapshots of the world
Term
Iconic Memory (Eye)
Definition
System that produces and stores visual sensory memories
Term
Echoic Memory
Definition
System that Produces and stores auditory sensory memories.

Widely believed to play a key role in language processing
Term
Short-term Memory
Definition
o Limited-capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
o Rapidly forgotten
o Can be maintained for extended periods through internal repetition
o An aid to perception
Term
The Inner Voice
Definition
• We can use an acoustic sound inside of our head to recode and translate a visual message into an inner voice
Term
Rehearsal
Definition
• Process that helps to maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition
• Without rehearsal, short term memories are quickly forgotten
Term
Memory Span
Definition
• The number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory in the exact order of presentation on half of the tested memory trials
o Short-term memory span ranges between five and nine items********
Term
Chunking
Definition
• short-term memory strategy that involves rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns
Term
Working Memory Model
Definition
• Developed originally by Baddeley and Hitch
• Several distinct mechanisms are important for short-term retention
Term
Phonological Loop
Definition
controls the temporary storage of acoustic and verbal information
• structure we use to temporarily store verbal information and engage in repetitive rehearsal
• plays a critical role in language
Term
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Definition
controls the short-term retention and processing of visual and spatial information
Term
Central Executive
Definition
controls and allocates how processing is divided across the loop and the sketchpad
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
• System we use to maintain information for extended periods
Term
Episodic Memories
Definition
• Memory for a particular event, or episode that happened to you personally
o I.E. remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
• Knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one’s personal experiences
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
• Knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club
Term
Elaboration
Definition
• Active relate new information to the already-stored contents of long-term memory
• Thinking about the meaning rather then the sound leads to more elaborate connections between events and other things in memory
Term
Elaboration
Definition
• Active relate new information to the already-stored contents of long-term memory
• Thinking about the meaning rather then the sound leads to more elaborate connections between events and other things in memory
Term
Relational Processing
Definition
Noticing relationships between words to remember them
Term
Distinctiveness
Definition
Making something stand out more so it is easier to remember
Term
Visual Imagery
Definition
If you record a visual image it is easier to remember
Term
Distributed Practice
Definition
Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered over time
Term
Massed Practice
Definition
Reread the same material over and over again without a break.

Likely to think about the material in exactly the same way every time it is presented
Term
Primary Effect
Definition
The better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
The better memory of items near the end of a memorize list
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
o Mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such a moving through the rooms in your house, and then form visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations along the pathway
Term
Peg-Word Method
Definition
o A mnemonic device in which you form visual images connecting to-be-remembered items with retrieval cues, or pegs
Term
Link-Word system
Definition
Linking a word with a visual image
Term
Flashbulb Memories
Definition
Rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events
Term
Free Recall
Definition
Testing condition which a person is asked to remember information without explicit retrieval cues
Term
Retrieval Cue
Definition
Something that helps you remember something either internally, or present in the environment
Term
Cued Recall
Definition
Testing condition in which people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember
Term
Transfer-appropriate processing
Definition
the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental processes during testing that he or she used during encoding
Term
Schemas
Definition
Large clusters of related facts are organized into knowledge structures
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
Remembering what occurs in the absence of conscious awareness and willful intent
(how to walk, how to breathe)
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
Conscious, willful remembering
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