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Psych
Chapter 6
77
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/23/2010
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Term
The trichromatic theory applies to the level of processing which occurs in the:
 Definition
Retina of the eye
Term
Seamus is having difficulty organizing the sounds he hears and so he cocks his head. Seamus is actively trying to determine:
 Definition
the direction from which a sound is coming.
Term
Timbre is to complexity as:
 Definition
pitch is to frequency
Term
Which of the following is an example of a study in subliminal persuasion?
 Definition
A subject is shown a movie during which pictures of bags of popcorn are flashed on the screen so quickly as to be consciously imperceptible, and the researcher waits to see if the subject asks for popcorn.
Term
Which of the following is not a conclusion drawn by our authors?
 Definition
Pain is the only sense that detracts from the survival of the human species.
Term
Jason and Jeremy are talking on the phone one afternoon when the connection starts to go bad. There is static on the line, and the words uttered by each of them sound unintelligible at times. Both individuals, however, are able to make out the others' words because their brains are able to fill in the gaps to make the phrases complete. This illustrates the auditory application of the concept of __________.
 Definition
closure
Term
When the wavelength of a light is examined, one looks at:
 Definition
distance between the crests of a wave
Term
The tendency to perceive what you expect to perceive goes by another name. What is it?
 Definition
Perceptual set
Term
The dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves is called __________.
 Definition
Saturation
Term
Two principles that help explain why a person can make out the Big Dipper on a starry night are:
 Definition
Proximity and closure
Term
Lindsay and Mason are a brother and sister duo who claim that they are psychics. A researcher places them in separate rooms and gives Mason a card with a shape on it to look at and concentrate on. He then goes into the other room and asks Lindsay what Mason is looking. The researcher is studying their abilities in what?
 Definition
Telepathy
Term
Bud has smoked two packs of cigarettes a day since he started smoking in 1992. If he quits smoking in 2002, then he can expect that it will take at least until the year ___________ before his sense of smell returns to normal.
 Definition
2012
Term
Which of the following statements about taste is true:
 Definition
The center of the tongue has no taste buds
Term
What do we call it when our senses decline in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus?
 Definition
Sensory adaptation
Term
Hue is related to the ______________ of light.
 Definition
wavelength
Term
Sensory __________________ can cause a visual stimulus that is constant and unchanging to seem to "disappear."
 Definition
adaptation
Term
A leading researcher argues that we experience different kinds of sensations because sensory information received by different sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different parts of the brain. He believes that we know the difference between seeing and hearing because visual signals are sent to a different region of the brain for interpretation than auditory signals. This researcher is supporting:
 Definition
The doctrine of specific nerve energies
Term
The retina is to vision as __________________ is to hearing
 Definition
the cochlea
Term
Hubel and Wiesel recorded the activity of cells in the visual cortex of cats and monkeys. Their work indicates that:
 Definition
different neurons in the cortex respond best when different kinds of patterns are shown to the animals.
Term
If you look at your tongue in a mirror, you will notice many bumps that are called papillae, a word meaning:
 Definition
Pimple
Term
Some cells in the __________________ lobe respond maximally to faces.
 Definition
Temporal
Term
Your sense of equilibrium depends primarily on receptors in the ___________.
 Definition
Semicircular Canals
Term
What is the name of the snail-shaped, fluid-filled organ in the inner ear that contains the hearing receptors?
 Definition
Cochlea
Term
The doctrine of specific energies proposes that the nervous system encodes sensory messages:
 Definition
By means of an anatomical code
Term
Research conducted using the visual cliff has shown that:
 Definition
at two months of age, babies show a drop in heart rate when placed on the deep side.
Term
Much of the evidence for ESP comes from:
 Definition
Anecdotal accounts
Term
The psychological dimension of timbre corresponds to the ___________________ of the sound wave.
 Definition
Complexity
Term
Which of these is the element of light that determines color?
 Definition
Wavelength
Term
Briana is eager to return home because her mother always bakes Briana's favorite scones. As Briana opens the front door, she notices the powerful odor of a gas leak, but her mother says, I don't smell anything. It is likely that Briana's mother has:
 Definition
adapted to the smell of the gas leak because it has been an unchanging stimulus
Term
Keegan notices that his favorite 55-cent candy bar seems lighter than usual and so he checks the label and finds that it is lighter by an ounce. He decides to buy a larger candy bar instead and doesn't notice that the the 99-cent candy bar also is lighter by an ounce. Keegan's behavior illustrates the fact that:
 Definition
the larger a weight is, the greater the change must be before one can detect a difference.
Term
The study of reported psychic phenomena such as extrasensory perception is called:
 Definition
Parapsychology
Term
June is participating in an experiment in which she is shown two cubes and asked to describe them. The cubes have the same texture and are the same size, but one cube reflects a longer wavelength of light than the other. In this case, June will perceive a difference in the __________ of the two cubes.
 Definition
Hue
Term
You are best able to locate where a sound is coming from when:
 Definition
It is to your extreme right or left
Term
What do psychologists mean by the term "difference threshold?"
 Definition
the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be reliably detected
Term
The hair cells are located in the _______________.
 Definition
Cochlea
Term
The difference threshold is defined as:
 Definition
the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared
Term
Which of the following conclusions about the use of subliminal tapes to lose weight, improve your memory, or boost your self-esteem appear most justified?
 Definition
Except for some possible placebo effects, the research evidence indicates that subliminal tapes have no effect
Term
The Gestalt principle of _________ refers to the idea that things that are near each other tend to be grouped together.
 Definition
proximity
Term
Too much stimulation can be bad for you because it can lead to:
 Definition
Fatigue and mental confusion
Term
Investigators have found that human tongues:
 Definition
can have as few as 500 taste buds, or as many as 10,000 taste buds
Term
The ________________ contain receptors responsible for a sense of bodily movement.
 Definition
Skeletal Muscles
Term
Dr. Wittmann believes that how humans see colors can be explained completely by the trichromatic theory. She therefore believes that color photoreceptors:
 Definition
occur in three types, which correspond to the colors red, green, and blue.
Term
Peggy cannot see a star as she is looking straight up at it, but she can see it from the corner of her eye. Peggy's vision is most likely:
 Definition
typical, based on our understanding of peripheral vision.
Term
By studying absolute thresholds, psychologists have found that our senses are very sharp. If you have normal sensory abilities you will be able to do all of the following except:
 Definition
see a candle flame on a clear, dark night from 50 miles away.
Term
Receptors that account for our sense of balance are found in the:
 Definition
ears
Term
The gate-control theory helps to explain the perception of ____________________.
 Definition
pain
Term
The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of the sound wave and, to some extent, its intensity is called:
 Definition
pitch
Term
When a large number of people report UFO sightings, impartial investigators find that:
 Definition
the people saw ordinary celestial bodies, weather balloons or rocket launchings.
Term
As you take this test, it is unlikely that you are constantly aware that your legs are making contact with the legs of the chair. This is called:
 Definition
Sensory Adaption
Term
Which one of the traditionally known skin senses permits the sensation to continue even after the stimulus is gone?
 Definition
Pain
Term
Which of the following is not an accurate statement regarding audition?
 Definition
High-pitched sounds are discriminated largely on the basis of frequency.
Term
The capacity for _____________________________ protects us in daily life from being overwhelmed by all the sensory signals impinging on our receptors.
 Definition
Selective Attention
Term
Which of the following is true of sensory adaption?
 Definition
Sensory adaptation is often useful because many unchanging stimuli do not require us to respond.
Term
The function of the cornea is to:
 Definition
protext the eye and bend light rays toward the lens.
Term
Which one of these refers to the perception of an event that has not already occured?
 Definition
precognition
Term
Which of the following is the most accurate statement with regard to the findings of extrasensory perception research to date?
 Definition
The history of research into ESP has shown a pattern of initial enthusiasm after new studies show some support, but this is soon followed by disappointment when the studies were found to be poorly designed and scientific results could not be replicated.
Term
Neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells are called:
 Definition
Ganglion cells.
Term
The receptor cells for vision are located in the:
 Definition
retina
Term
Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of sensation?
 Definition
Interpreting sensory impulses
Term
The detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects is called:
 Definition
sensation
Term
Which of the following sensory abilities is NOT present at or shortly after birth?
 Definition
Perceptual set ability
Term
Systematic errors that occur in the perception of reality are called:
 Definition
perceptual illusions
Term
The dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a wave's pressure is called:
 Definition
loudness
Term
You have just met two people who have recently experienced sensory deprivation. One was a paid participant in a research study who was shown where the "panic button" was before participating. The other had just paid a fairly substantial fee to spend some time in a "relaxation chamber". If you ask them about the experience, what would they most likely tell you?
 Definition
Given that expectations and interpretations affect people's reactions, each is likely to tell you different things.
Term
The turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object, is called:
 Definition
convergence
Term
The smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer is called the:
 Definition
absolute threshold
Term
Grant perceives snow as remaining white on cloudy days as well as on bright ones. He is not fooled even though the amount of light the snow reflects is different on cloudy days. Grant's perception is due to:
 Definition
brightness consistancy
Term
Which type of coding would allow us to distinguish the sound of a guitar from the sound of a flute?
 Definition
functional encoding
Term
What would likely be a major symptom of a disease that deteriorated the sense receptors located in the muscles, joints, and tendons?
 Definition
The victims would no longer be aware of their body positioning.
Term
Among the following individuals, the most likely to be color deficient is:
 Definition
Wyatt, a man from Wales
Term
The actual organ of hearing is a chamber inside the:
 Definition
Cochlea
Term
The Gestalt psychologists were especially interested in research about __________________.
 Definition
form perception
Term
Binocular cues help us estimate distances up to about _________ feet.
 Definition
50
Term
Muller's doctrine of specific nerve energies attempted to answer which of the following questions?
 Definition
If all sensory messages are identical, how are we able to have different sensory experiences?
Term
In our Quick Quiz, the authors point out that Fred has a nasal voice and Ted has a gravelly voice. What psychological dimension of hearing describes the difference?
 Definition
Timbre
Term
What is the environmental stimulus that activates the sense of smell?
 Definition
Chemicals
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