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| the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that you would have foreseen it [i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon] |
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| does not blindly accept an argument and conclusion; evaluates the information |
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| explanation using an integrated set of principles that organize/predict observations |
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| testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| statement of the procedures used to define research variables |
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| extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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| extent to which a test yields consistent results |
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| observation technique where one person is studied in depth |
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| technique used to get the self-reported attitudes or beliefs of people |
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| observing/recording behavior in a naturally occurring environment |
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| investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effects |
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| a measure of extent to which 2 factors vary together, how well they predict each other |
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| mathematical expression of the relationship of two factors, ranging from -1 to +1 |
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| experimental factor that is manipulated; effect is being studied |
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| outcome factor; variable that may change in response to the independent variable |
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| fairly represents a population because each member as an equal chance of inclusion |
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| statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance |
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| most frequently occurred data |
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| computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| we explain someone's behavior by crediting the situation or behavior |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| underestimate the situation and overestimate disposition |
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| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| reduce the discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent |
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| adjusting one's behavior or thinking to join a group standard |
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| an act in response to request from an authority |
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| normative social influence |
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Definition
| influence because of one's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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| informational social influence |
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Definition
| influence because of one's willingness to accept other opinions of reality |
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| enhancement of prevailing inclinations through group discussion |
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| the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the alternatives |
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| stronger responses of simple tasks in the presence of others |
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| people in a group exert less effort to attain a goal than individually |
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| loss of self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity |
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| feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way |
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| to express emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
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| emotional release; releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges |
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| perception that one is worse off relative to those who one compares oneself with |
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| associates various emotions, including fear, with situations |
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| arousal from one event spills over into our response to the next event |
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| study of optimal human functioning; discover and promote strengths that enable individuals and communities to survive |
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| adaptation-level phenomenon |
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| our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| release stress hormones which increase heart rate, blood pressure, etc. |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| calm the body after crisis |
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| mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people |
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| organizing our mental categories into hierarchies |
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| mental image or best example that incorporates all features we associate with a category |
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| logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem |
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| simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
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| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
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| tendency to search for information that confirms one's perceptions |
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| people's ideas about their own and others mental states |
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| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes |
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| estimating the likelihood of events based on availability in memory |
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| tendency to be more confident than correct -- over estimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgement |
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| tendency to approach a problem in a particular way |
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| the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
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Definition
| recording of the waves of electrical activity across a brain using electrodes placed on the scalp |
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| visual display of brain structures that detects where glucose goes while the brain performs a specific task |
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| images that distinguish soft tissue; see the brain anatomy |
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| reveals blood flow and brain activity; shows brain function |
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Definition
| emotions such as fear and aggression, as well as drives for food and sex originate here |
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| three parts of the limbic system |
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Definition
| hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala |
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Definition
| language, serial processing, expertise, calculations, speech, quick and literal interpretations, understanding |
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| spatial understanding, relationships, learning, perceptual tasks, make speech meaning clear, facial recognition, emotion and social, simple requests |
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| "little brain"; processes sensory input and coordinates movement |
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| processes memory, new memory formation |
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| linked to emotion, influence aggression and fear |
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| registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |
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| controls voluntary movements |
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| involves speaking, muscle movements, plans and judgements |
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| sensory input for touch and body position |
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| visual areas of the brain |
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| includes auditory areas, from opposite ears |
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| oldest parts of the brain |
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| association areas of the brain |
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| areas involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking |
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| characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition of how to feel and act |
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| our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless |
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| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| perception that one controls one's own fate |
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| external locus of control |
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Definition
| perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control, determine one's fate |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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| hopelessness an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated adverse events |
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| one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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| overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
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| the Big Five personality traits |
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Definition
| stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness |
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Definition
| the processing of information into the memory system |
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| the retention of encoded information over time |
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| activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
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| the process of getting information out of the memory stage |
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Definition
| the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
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Definition
| involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
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Definition
| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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| the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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| our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
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| mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing |
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| organizing item into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
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| even after we learn something well, we will sometimes later forget it |
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
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| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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| the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety - thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience, read, etc. |
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| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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| you forget the information that is presented right before you, because you are focusing on your performance |
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| learning that certain events occur together |
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| type of learning where one associates stimuli |
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Definition
| psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
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| unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus |
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| a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response |
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Definition
| the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
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| an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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Definition
| diminishing of a conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus doesn't follow a conditioned response |
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| reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Definition
| tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli to elicit similar responses |
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Definition
| learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response |
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| relatively permanent change in one's behavior due to an experience |
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| who demonstrated classical conditioning and how? |
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