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| Study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior |
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| The changes we can observe in an organism's physiological process ands behavior |
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| Location at which the drug molecules interact with molecules on or in the cell thereby affecting the processes in these cells |
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-Ligands made in the body
- Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators |
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-Ligands not made in the body
-Drugs and biological toxins |
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| Process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, then metabolized and excreted |
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| Factors that affect rate of drug into brain |
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Definition
-Lipid solubility
- Ionization
-Size |
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| Highly lipid soluble molecules can pass lipid barriers quickly |
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| Uncharged molecules pass through membranes quickly |
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| Small molecules pass through membranes more quickly than larger ones |
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-Deactivation of drugs by enzymes
-Liver plays a large role
-Enzymes metabolize drugs into another substance that is biologically active |
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-Primarily in urine
-Kidney is responsible for pushing out drug |
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| Dose Response curve (D-R curve) |
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| A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered |
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| The readiness with which 2 molecules join together |
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The ratio between the doses that produce the desired effect in 50% of the animals vs the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
-High: safe drug
-Low: not a very safe drug |
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Definition
-A ligand that binds to produce a full effect
-Facilitates the effect of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
- a ligand that binds and produces no effect
-Opposes the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| -ligand that binds and produces the full effect |
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Definition
| Ligand the binds and produces a partial effect |
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| Ligand that binds to a different site on the receptor than the neurotransmitter and facilitates the actions of the neurotransmitter once it has bound |
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| Ligand that binds to a different site on the receptor but prevents the neurotransmitter from having an effect onice it binds |
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| Drug effect on production of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
-Synthesis is controlled by enzymes
-Drugs can affect the enzymes thereby affecting synthesis |
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| Drug effect on storage & release of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
-Drugs can affect the transport molecules
-Drugs can interfere with vesicles and release |
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| Drug effect on reuptake and destruction of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| -Drugs can interfere with theses processes. |
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Definition
-An ion channel opens in response to ligand binding
-Can result in an EPSP/IPSP depending on ion channel |
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Definition
-An intracellular cascade of events begins in response to agonist binding
- Can result in an EPSP/IPSP or a change in the intracellular environment. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Activation results in an IPSP or EPSP depending on type of receptor |
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-Receptors located on the presynaptic neuron that are sensitive to the neurotransmitter that it releases
-Mostly Inhibitory/ negative feedback |
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Definition
| Receptors located on the presynaptic button that are sensitive to a neurotransmotter that is different than the one released by the neuron |
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Definition
-A chemical released by a presynaptic element upon stimulation that activates postsynaptic receptors
-Usually full agonists at primary receptor site.
-Causes EPSP or IPSP in postsynaptic membrane
-Act as neuromodulators |
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Definition
-Primary neurotransmitter secreted by efferent neurons of the CNS
-1st neurotransmitter discovered
-Widely throughout the brain
-Usually is excitatory |
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Definition
-Ionotropic receptor
-Primarily gates Na+
-EPSP
-Fast
-2 ACh molecules need to bind to active the receptor |
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Definition
-G-protein coupled receptors
-5 subtypes
-Different subtypes are coupled to different G-proteins
-Slower |
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-ACh agonist
-Triggers release of ACh |
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-ACh antagonist
-Prevents release of ACh by the terminal buttons |
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Definition
-All have one amine group
-Similar molecular structure
-Drugs tend to affect activity in all of them
-Includes Epinephrine (EPI/andrenaline), Norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine (DA) |
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-Involved in Movement, attention, learning, & reward and motivation
-3 major projection systems in the brain
-5 receptor subtypes (D1-D5)
-Can produce IPSP/EPSP |
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Definition
-Dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra (SN) that project and have terminal buttons in the neostriatum
-Involved in movement |
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Definition
-Dopaminergic cell bodies located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that project and have terminal buttons in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and amygdala
-Involved in reward and motivation |
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Definition
-Dopaminergic cell bodies located in the VTA that project and have terminal buttons in the prefrontal cortex
-Involved in short-term memory, planning and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
-precursor is modified in each step by an enzyme
-precursor for catechomines is tyrosine
-tyrosine is converted to L-DOPA by the enzyme tyrosine |
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Definition
| Reuptake from synaptic cleft into presynaptic neurons |
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down monoamines intrauneronally |
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| Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) |
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Definition
| -Enzyme that breaks down catecholamines extraneuronally |
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Definition
-Indirect DA agonist
-treatment fro Parkinson's disease |
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Definition
-DA receptor antagonist
-treatment for schizophrenia |
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Definition
-Found in neurons in the ANS
-important neurotransmitter in the brain
-involved in arousal
-release is at axonal varicosities |
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Definition
| -Hormone produce by adrenals |
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Definition
-In every psychological function
-Involed in temperature regulation, sleep, learning memory, sexual functions, hormonal secretions, etc |
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Definition
| -Contains serotonergic cell bodies that project up to the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia |
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Definition
| -Has serotonergic cell bodies that project up to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. |
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Definition
-5-Ht agonist
-blocks the reuptake of 5-HT
-treatment for depression,anxiety disorders, and OCD |
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| Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
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Definition
-5-HT receptor agonist
-produces halluncinations |
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Definition
-8 suspected amino acid transmitters
-An excitatory amino acid transmitter
-Major excitatory neurotansmission in the brain
-Involved in working memory, perception and voluntary muscle control |
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Term
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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Definition
-Inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter
-Primary inhibitory transmission in the brain
-Keeps excitatory Glu transmission in check
-40% of all brain synapses show this activity |
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Definition
-Too much glu= epilepsy and exitotoxicity
-too much GABA- no LTP |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -GABA allosteric agonists |
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