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| Literally, "mixing of senses," meaning individuals experience sounds as colors, or taste as touch sensations of different shapes |
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| The stimulus-detection process by which our sense organs respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain |
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| The active process of organizing the stimulus input and giving it meaning |
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| The study of relations between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities |
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| The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time |
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| A standar of how certain people must be that a stimulus is present before they will say they detect it |
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| Theory that is concerned with the factors that influence sensory jugments |
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| A stimulus that is so weak or bief that although it is perceived by the senses, it cannot be perceived consciously |
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| The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time |
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| The difference threshold, or jnd, is directly proportional to magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made |
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| The diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus |
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| The process whereby the characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses |
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| An elastic structure that becomes thinner to focus on distant objects and thicker to focus on nearby objects |
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| A multilayered light-sensitive tissue at the rear of the fluid-filled eyeball |
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| Black and white brightness receptors that function best in dim light |
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| A small area in the center of the retina that contains no rods but many densely packed cones |
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| Ganglion cells whose axons are collected into a bundle |
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| The ability to see fine detail |
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| Pigments that absorb light |
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| The progressive improvement in sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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| Theory that states there are three types of color receptors in the retina |
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| Hering's opponent-process theory |
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| Proposes that each of three cone types responds to two different wavelengths |
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| Theory that combines the trichromatic and opponent-process theories to account for the color transduction process |
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| Cells that fire selectively in response to visual stimuli that have specific characteristics |
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| The number of sound waves, or cylces, per second |
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| The technical measures of number of sound waves, or cycles, per second |
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| The vertical size of sound waves, or the amount of compression and expansion of the molecules |
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| A measure of physical pressures that occur at the eardrum |
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| A coiled, snail-shaped tube in the ear that is filled with fluid and contains the basilar membrane |
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| A sheet of tissue that runs the length of the cochlea |
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| Organ that rests on the basilar membrane and contains thousands of tiny hair cells that are the actual sound receptors |
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| Frequency theory of pitch perception |
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Definition
| Theory that suggests that nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound waves |
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| Place theory of pitch perception |
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Definition
| Theory that suggests that the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks and most strongly bends the hair cells serves as a frequent coding cue |
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Definition
| Deafness caused by problesm involving the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea |
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| Deafness caused by damaged receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve itself |
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| Chemical receptors concentrated along the edges and back surface of the tongue |
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| A forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity |
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| Chemical signals found in natural body scents |
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| The tendency of women who live together or are close friends to become more similar in their menstrual cycles |
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| A sense that provides us with feedback about our muscles' and joints' positions and movements |
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| The sense of body orientation or equilibrium |
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| Sensory prosthetic devices |
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| Devices that provide sensory input that can, to some extent, substitute for what cannot be supplied by the person's sensory receptors |
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| A process whereby the sensory system takes in individual elements of the stimulus and then combines them into a unified perception |
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| A process whereby sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations |
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| The failure of unattended stimuli to register in consciousness |
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| The tendency to organize stimuli into a central, or foreground, figure and a background |
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| Gestalt laws of perceptual organization |
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Definition
| Factors that make it likely for stimuli to be perceived as a unified whole; the four factors that define this are similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity |
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| A mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive features of people, objects, events, and other perceptual phenomena |
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| A rediness to perceive stimuli in a particular way |
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| The ability to recognize familiar stimuli under varying conditions |
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| Cues that require only one eye |
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| Cues that require both eyes |
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| A binocular distance cue that is produced by feedback from muscles that turn the eyes inward to view a near object |
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| An illusory movement produced when a light is briefly flashed in darkness and then, a few milliseconds later, another light is flashed nearby |
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| Compelling but incorrect perceptions |
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| Periods during which certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities and the brian mechanisms that underlie them are to develop normally |
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