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| the belief that researchers should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements. Most of their work related to internal observations. |
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| a belief that psych should focus on the adaptive functions and purpose of consciousness, flow, stream of consciousness, and adaptive behavior. i.e.What do people do and why? |
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| the view that most behavior is determined by the unconscious and sexuality. |
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| Behaviorism (1910s) a.k.a. 'stimulu_response (S_R) psychology' |
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| the premise that psychology should study only observable behavior for the purpose of verifiability. |
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| emphasized the unique qualities of human behavior and human freedom and our drive for personal growth. |
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| Cognitive psych (1950...60s) |
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Definition
| view that human behavior cannot be fully understood without studying how people acquire, store, and process information |
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| Biological psych theory (1950...60s) |
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Definition
| asserts that human and animal behavior can be explained through bodily structure and biochemical processes (physiology). |
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| Evolutionary psych (1980s) |
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Definition
| examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations. The premise is that natural selection favors behaviors that lead to reproductive success and survival. |
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| uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence |
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| Psychology merged from what two disciplines in 1875? |
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Definition
| philosophy and physiology. |
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| The word psych comes from what Greek words? |
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Definition
| psyche meaning soul , and logos meaning the study of |
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Definition
| the study of mental processes, behavior, their causes and relationships, and the application of what is learned to solve practical problems |
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| Psychology grew most rapidly where? |
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Definition
| in North America; 23 research labs were built between 1883 and 1893 |
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| Wilhelm Wundt (1832 ...1920) |
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Definition
| father of psychology, started the first psych lab in Germany 1879, started the first psychology journal 1881 |
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| What type of science is psychology? |
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Definition
| Natural science and social science |
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| Who promoted structuralism? |
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Definition
| Edward Titchener and Wundt |
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| William James (1842 ...1910) |
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Definition
| an American, promoted functionalism. He studied habits and developed the concept of self. |
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| Who wrote principles of psychology in 1890? |
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Definition
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| What gave way to behaviorism and applied psychology and had a more lasting impact than structuralism? |
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| G. Stanley Hall, James McKeen Cattell, John Dewey |
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| Austrian physician who invented psychoanalysis. He studied mostly abnormal psych, dreams, and himself |
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Definition
| the view that most behavior is determined by the unconscious and sexuality |
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Definition
| Who extended Freud's ideas across the developmental lifespan in his book 'Childhood and Society'? |
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| Who led the behaviorist movement? |
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| Who emphasized the importance of the environment over heredity? |
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| any observable response or activity by an organism |
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| Russian physiologist who showed that dogs could be trained to salivate in response to an auditory tone. This proved 'conditioned reflex'. |
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| What did B.F. Skinner show? |
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Definition
| that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes. |
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Term
| Who said free will is an illusion because behavior is governed by external stimuli? |
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Definition
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| What school of thought did B.F. Skinner believe? |
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Definition
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| What did Skinner famously do? |
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Definition
| trained pigeons to play ping-pong by manipulating rewards for their responses/actions |
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| Who led the humanism movement? |
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Definition
| Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
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| What movements were humanists opposed to? |
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Definition
| behaviorism and psychoanalysis |
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Term
| What movement says research on animals has no relevance to understanding human behavior? |
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| What was the humanists greatest contribution to psychology? |
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Definition
| innovative treatments including client centered therapy (Rogers) |
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Definition
| the branch of psych concerned with everyday, practical problems |
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Term
| What caused the growth of clinical psychology in the 1940...50's? |
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Definition
| World War II and the needs of the military (PTSD) |
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| Applied psychology encompasses six professional specialties |
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Definition
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Definition
| the evaluation diagnosis and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders, as well as treatment of less severe behavior and emotional problems |
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| specialize in dealing with clientele who have everyday problems of lesser severity. These include family marital or career counseling |
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| promote the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children in schools. |
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| Industrial/organizational psychology |
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Definition
| tasks include running human resource departments working to improve staff morale and attitudes striving to increase job satisfaction and productivity examining organizational structures and procedures and making improvements to all. |
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Definition
| the assessment and treatment of people who suffer from central nervous system dysfunctions due to head trauma dementia stroke, seizure disorders and other medical problems Forensic psychology the application of psychological principles to issues in the legal system such as child custody. mental competency, violence, commitm ent, and so forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Newell, Shaw, and Herbert Simon. |
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Term
| Who showed the link between electrical brain stimulation and the evocation of emotions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who showed that the right and left halves of the brain perform different functions? |
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| Proponents of biological psych |
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Definition
| Olds, Sperry, Hubal, and Wiesel. |
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Definition
| the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge |
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Term
| What instigated greater interest in culture's impact on behavior in the 1980's? |
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Definition
| travel to other countries and greater population diversity in the West. |
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Term
| Cultural studies seek to understand what? |
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Definition
| the unique experiences of other groups of people from their own viewpoint. |
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Definition
| widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations |
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| How is culture inside people? |
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Definition
| Everything that happens to them is viewed through a way of thinking that cannot be set aside |
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Term
| How is culture outside people? |
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Definition
| one can identify customs, practices, and institutions that mold peoples behavior |
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| Proponents of evolutionary psych |
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Definition
| David Buss, Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby. |
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Term
| Some of the evolutionary psych studies have involved what subjects? |
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Definition
| mating, jealousy, decision making, personality, and development |
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Term
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Definition
| when did the positive psychology movement start? |
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| Who started the positive psych movement because his 5 y.o. daughter said he was grumpy too often? |
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Definition
| Martin Seligman. He realized it was a trait common to psychology, at large. |
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Term
| Who are other proponents of positive psych? |
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Definition
| Csikszentmihalyi, Peterson, Barbara Fredrickson |
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Term
| What are the three areas of positive psych? |
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Definition
| positive subjective experiences (emotions), positive individual traits, positive institutions and communities |
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Term
| What are the main work arenas for psychologists today? |
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Definition
| Acronym: PCHB...private practice, colleges and universities, hospitals and clinics, business and government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acronym- DCSHEEPPP Developmental, Cognitive, Social, Health, Experimental, Education, Physiological, Personality, Psychometrics |
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Definition
| examines human development across the lifespan |
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| focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing our behavior. Topics include attitudes, prejudices, conformity attraction, aggression, intimate relationships and group behavior. |
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Definition
| focuses on structural psychology subject matter including sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion. |
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Definition
| examines the biological basis of behavior...influence of genetic factors, the role of the brain and nervous system, endocrine system, and bodily chemicals. |
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| focuses on higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, and creativity. |
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Definition
| focuses on describing and understanding individual consistency and behavior, which represents their personality. This includes factors that shape personality as well as personality assessment. Psychometrics data analysis...involved with the design of tests to assess personality, intelligence, and other abilities, as well as the development of techniques for statistical analysis. |
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Definition
| studies how people learn and the best ways to teach them. |
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Definition
| focuses on how psychological factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of physical health, and the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness. |
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Term
| Themes regarding psychology as a field of study are |
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Definition
| Psychology is empirical, theoretically diverse, and evolves in a socio-historical context |
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Definition
| objective observations made through research |
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Definition
| a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. |
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Definition
| trends, issues, and values in society influence psychology's evolution and vice versa |
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Term
| Themes regarding the subject matter of psychology |
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Definition
| behavior is determined by multiple causes, cultural heritage, heredity and environment (jointly), and peoples experience of the world is highly subjective. |
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Term
| Mary Whiton Calkins (1863 ...1930 ) |
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Definition
| Studied with James,Founded an early psychology lab in 1891, invented a technique for studying memory. Became the first woman president of the APA. Denied a PhD by Harvard, because she was a woman. |
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| Margaret Floy Washburn (1871...1939) |
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Definition
| The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology. Wrote " The Animal Mind" in 1908, and early treatise on behaviorism. |
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Term
| Leta Hollingworth (1886 ...1939) |
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Definition
| Pioneered work in adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children. The first to use the term gifted to refer to highly intelligent kids. Did studies that refuted the inferiority of women |
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Term
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Definition
| who published landmark research on prejudice in 1947, cited in segregation rulings by the Supreme Court? |
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Term
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Definition
| who developed the first successful personality test in France in 1905? |
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Definition
| Who wrote 'Motivation and Personality' regarding the hierarchy of human needs in 1954? |
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Term
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Definition
| who did the prisoner/prison guard study about obedience to authority in 1963? |
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| Eleanor Maccoby/Carol Jacklin |
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Definition
| who published landmark research on gender differences in 1974? |
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Term
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Definition
| who did research on the fallibility of memory? |
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Term
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Definition
| who won the Nobel Prize in 2002 for research on decision making? |
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Definition
| the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is sometimes called transcontextual skills. |
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Term
| The disposition of a successful critical thinker is |
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Definition
| flexible, vigilant, able to admit mistakes, and mindful of the thinking process. |
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Term
| Critical thinking is purposeful, reasoned, goal directed thinking that involves |
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Definition
| solving problems, formulating inferences, working with probabilities, and making carefully thought out decisions. |
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| Good critical thinkers understand and use |
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Definition
| the principles of scientific investigation. |
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Definition
| apply the rules of logic, evaluate the quality of information, and analyze arguments for the soundness of the conclusions |
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| Will critical thinking skills develop on their own? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Who looks for alternative explanations and for contradictory evidence? |
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