Term
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Definition
| The formation of a new conditioned response tendency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. See Secondary reinforcers. |
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Term
| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcing every instance of a designated response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| To draw out or bring forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. |
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Term
| Fixed-interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. |
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Term
| Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. |
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Term
| Higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning that occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. See Classical conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response. |
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Term
| Reinforcement contingencies |
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Definition
| The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to the phenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place. |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated. |
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Term
| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| A specific presentation of reinforcers over time. |
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Term
| Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers |
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Definition
| Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli. |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. |
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Term
| Variable-interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. |
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Term
| Variable-ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. |
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