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| believed mind and body are separate; knowledge built within |
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| student of Socrates; similar beliefs |
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| conclusions based on data and observation; felt knowledge grew from experience; mind and body are connected |
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| theorized mind- body connections; animal spirits, nerves, brain cavities |
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| one of the founders of modern science; centers on experimentation and observation |
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| Essay Concerning Human Understanding; sees mind as a blank slate to be influenced by experience |
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| sought to measure the atoms of the mind; experiments: timing and sound awareness; "father of psychology" |
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| structuralism; seeking to discover the elements of the mind; introspection; faults: needed smart, willing feedback from patients |
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| functionalism: studied functions of our thoughts and feelings; experimental psychology flourishes |
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| student of William James, denied PhD from Harvard |
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| first female doctorate in psychology |
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| psychoanalysis: listened to patients rather than experimenting |
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| struck by railroad iron, personality changed; proof of phrenology |
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| studied hysteria; believed that it was caused by lesions on the brain, passed down genetically; famous for lectures |
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| the view that knowledge comes from experience and science flourishes through observation and experimentation |
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| an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
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| school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes function |
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| broad theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy |
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| belief that the shape of the skull reflected one's personality traits and mental qualities |
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| group of symptoms including spasms, blindness, amnesia, and paralysis with no physical explanation |
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| male version of hysteria frequently suffered by soldiers during World War I |
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| rooted in philosophy and biology; the study of human behavior and mental process |
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| operates according to the pleasure principle; primitive, unconscious part of personality |
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| operates according to the reality principle; mediates between id and superego |
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| interpretation of an ambiguous stimuli used in assessment and treatment of symptoms |
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| saying freely what comes to mind in connection with dreams, memories, fantasies, or conflicts |
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| royal road to the unconscious |
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| intense focus in which the person is vulnerable to suggestion |
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| moment of awareness of the problem |
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| an emotional release associated with traumatic memories or repressed impulses |
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| unconscious feeling of love or hate projected on to the analyst |
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| ego's protective mechanisms |
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| a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from counsciousness |
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| a defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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| defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
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| defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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| a defense mechanism that offers self- justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening reasons for one's actions |
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| a defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger to a safer outlet |
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| a defense mechanism by which people re- channel their unacceptable impulses into socially- approved activities |
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| a defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities |
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| behaviorist; Little Albert |
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| Cognitive Therapist; Rational Emotional behavior therapy |
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| worked in US to improve conditions in prisons and mental hospitals |
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| reform mental hospitals in Europe |
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| Dr. Lobotomy: performed many lobotomies |
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| humanist; Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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| learner is a blank slate(tabula rasa), behaviors are learned and can be unlearned |
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| behaviors due to wrong processing during cognition, stimulus can predict a reaction |
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| human nature is basically good and people behave badly when they are warped by self- imposed limits |
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| is behavior innate or learned? |
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| behavior caused by physical issue |
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| directive v non directive |
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| therapy offers action, active participation or insight and reflection |
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| systematic descensitization |
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| gradual process of introducing fear to client |
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| learn by watching someone else |
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| removing a behavior by pairing it with an unwanted stimulus |
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| desired behaviors rewarded with tokens which may be exchanged for rewards/prizes |
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| expose client to most feared situation and help him deal with the anxiety |
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| step by step reinforcement to mold into desired behavior; used with more complex skill |
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| action oriented, combination of cognitive and behavioral therapies |
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| rational emotive behavior therapy; challenges unrealistic thoughts; directive and action oriented; Albert Ellis |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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| Humanistic; therapist approaches all of patient's ideas positively, always supportive |
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| therapist totally supports patient, puts himself in his shoes |
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| direct brain intervention |
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| altering the prefrontal cortex of the brain to change behavior |
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| Electroconvulsive Therapy; shock relieves patient of depression |
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| transcranial magnetic stimulation; similar to ECT but uses magnet in place of shocks; treats depression |
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| interconnected cells which send signals through the body |
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| gap between neurons over which a signal must travel |
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| chemicals released from one neuron cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron, carrying on the action potential/signal |
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| treat psychoses, schizophrenia, nonpsychotic disorders; reduce the effect of dopamine by blocking receptors |
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| treat depression, anxiety, phobias, OCD; MAOI, SNRI, SSRI |
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| antidepressant; elevate seratonin and norepinephrine by deactivating enzyme |
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| antidepressant; boost seratonin and norepinephrine through preventing reuptake |
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| antidepressant; prevents seratonin reuptake only |
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| treats anxiety, overprescribed for mood disorders; increases GABA |
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| treats bipolar disorder; moderating levels of norephinephrine/ protect from glutamates overstimulation |
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| scientific study that aims tosolve practical problems (practicing psychology) |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and achieveing greater well-being |
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| branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide drug treatments as well as psychological therapy |
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| tern that describes anyone who does a type of psychotherapy |
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