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a primitive part of the brain that sits at the juncture point where the brain and spinal cord merge.
includes the medulle, pons, and reticular formation
it acts as the basic life support system for the body and it is the oldest part of the brain
base camp |
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the middle portion of the brain
contains: tectum, superior colliculus, and inferior colliculus
serve as neural relay stations and help coordinate reactions to sensory events.
gets input from 4 of 5 senses, but not smell |
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the outer portion of the brain
includes: cerebral cortex and the structures of the limbic system and subcortical structures
higher mental function |
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| the portion of the brain immediately below the cortex that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system |
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the seat of higher mental processes, cluding sense of self and the ability to reason and solve problems
divided into two hemispheres |
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| structures of the hindbrain associated with the control of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and reflexes such as vomiting, sneezing, and coughing. Both areas serve as pathways for neural impulses traveling to and from the spinal cord. Pons means “bridge”. Very sensitive to the lethal effects of drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and coca |
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"little brain"
a hindbrian structure at the base of the brain that is involved in the preparation, selection and coordination of complex motor skills |
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| a structure of the hindbrain that is a network of neurons and nerves linked to the control of general arousal, sleep and consciousness |
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components are the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculs
relay stations for visual and auditory information |
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| group of neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine |
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| a kind of master gland in the body that controls the release of hormones in response to signals sent from the hypothalamus |
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| regulates consciousness and awake/sleep cyle secretes melatonin |
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a relay station in the forebrian thought to be an important gathering point for input from the senses
preliminary processing of sensory inputs but not smell |
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| a forebrain structure thought to play a role in the regulation of various motivational activities including eating, drinking, sexual behavior and temperature |
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| a system of structures thought to be involved in the motivational and emotional behaviors (amygdala) and the memory (hippocampus) |
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a small, almond-shaped piece of brain that's linked to a number of motivational and emotional behaviors including fear, aggression, and defensive actions.
destruction of the amgydala in lower animals, through brain lesioning, can produce an extremely passive animal-one that will do nothing in repsonse to provocation |
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| greek for seashore which it resembles anatomically is importatnt for the formation of memories, particularly our memory for specific personal events. people with damage to the hippocampus will sometimes live in a kind of perpetual present-aware of the world around them, and they recognize people and things known to them pior the damage, but the remember almost nothing new |
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| suprachiasmic nucleus SCN |
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regulates 24 hour cycle
7 day cycle
28 day cycle and basic rest and activity |
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one of the 4 anatomical refions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
located roughly on the top middle portion of the brain and contains the motor cortex and may be involved in higher level thought process |
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one of the 4 anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located at the top middle portion of the brain
contains the somatosensory cortex which controls sense of touch |
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one of the four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex location on the side of the brain
involved in certain aspects of language and language perception |
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one of the four anatomical regions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located at the back of the brain
visual processing is controlled here |
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left frontal lobe
speech produciton and possibly higher level thought process
damage=patient who can't understand or produce language |
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region of the temporal area that is involved in language and comprehension. a person with damage to wernicke's area might be able to repeat a spoken sentence aloud with perfect diction and control yet not understand a word of it
damage= patient who can't easily understand spoken language |
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| recent discovery in neuroimaging that neurons in these same regions in the motor cortex become active when we simply observe someone else performing the same actions. This suggests we may be able to recognize action performed by others through matching activation in our own motor systems. Even become active when observing members of other species. POTENTIAL link between mirror neurons and the ability to learn and emphasize with others. |
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located at the back of the frontal lobe in each cerebral hemisphere
controls voluntary muscle movements |
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sensory cortexes
somatosensory cortex |
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located in the parietal lobe, it controls that which allows to experience the sensations of touch, temperature, and pain.
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main communicatio nbetween the two hemispheres
the collection of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and allows informaiton to pass from one side to the other |
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| left/right specialization |
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| the fact that the right hemisphere appears to play a more important role in spatial tasks, such as fitting together the pieces of a puzzle or orienting oneself spatially in an environment as well as emotional processing. Left hemisphere- contains lateralized language centers that contribute more to verbal tasks such as reading and writing. Specialization in the brain exists because it’s sometimes adaptive for the two hemispheres to work independently |
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| if you damage your right hemisphere you have more trouble recognizing vocal emotional expressions. If one side of the brain is damaged, regions in the other hemisphere can sometimes take over the lost functions. Study of brain damage is one of the oldest methods for determining brain function. Link established between brain area and function. |
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| referring to someone without a corpus callosum. Makes people incapable of coordinate responses.. means information can simply not easily pass from one side of the brain to the other. Abnormal condition only apparent under manufactured conditions |
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| helps to establish the true function of a brain structure by observing the effect of damage or lesion in a controlled way. Destroy lesion particular regions of an animal’s brain by administering electric current, injecting chemicals, or cutting tissue. Still hard to pinpoint damage by lesioning techniques can be very accurate. Lesioning animals have led to significant advances in our understanding of the brain. |
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| a condition when you are born only with a hindbrain and never have voluntary muscle control |
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| the brain and spinal cord; central executive of the body |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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the network of nerves that links the central nervous system with the rest of the body. muscles are moved, internal organs are regulated, and sensory input is directed toward the brain
somatic and autonomic systems |
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| the cells in the vervous system that receive and transmit information |
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make the initial contact with the environment
cells that carry environmental messages toward the spinal cord and the brain |
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| cells that carry information away from the nervous system to the muscles and glands that directly produce behavior |
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cells thats transfer information from one neuron to another; make no direct contant with the outside world.
recieve messages from the sensory neurons and then pass it to motor neurons |
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| the fibers that extended outward from a neuron and receive information from other neurons; primary information receivers |
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| the cell body of a neuron; the cell's metabolic center and it is where genetic material is stored |
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| special trigger zone where all of the excitatory and inhibitory potential combine |
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| the long tail like part of a neuron that serves at the cell's transmitter; input |
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| the tiny swellings at the end of the azon that contains chemicals important to neural transmission. release chemicals into the synapse |
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| storage space for neurotransmitters |
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| the small gap between the terminal buttons of a neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron |
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| chemical messengers that relay information from one neuron to the next |
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cells that fill in space between neurons, remove wast, or help neurons to communicate efficiently
outnmber nuerons 10 to 1 but don't directly communicate on their own |
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| an insulating material that protects the axon and helps to speed up neural transmission; glial cells |
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| gaps between the myelin sheath |
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the tiny electrial charge in place between the inside and outside of the resting neuron
inside negative in respect to the outside |
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| the all or none electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon |
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reset time after action potential
stop or go messages
the period of time following an action potential when more action potentials cannot be generated |
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