1. internal/dispositional- refer to things within people, such as dispositions, moods, effects, abilities 
2. external/situational- refer to outside events or situations, such as luck, accidents, or the actions of other people 

occurs when we try to explain someone else's behavior, focus on internal attributions 

tendency to- overemphasize personality traits and underestimate the importance of a situation 

presence of others can enhance/decrease performance 

enhance= dominant response is easy 

impair= dominant response is difficult 

• federal judges make decisions sitting alone or in group of 3
• alone= extreme action just 30%
• group= extreme action 65% 

agreeing to a request made by others 

• foot in the door effect- ask something small then get bigger
• door in the face- buy car along with the extra add ons 

number-13

sign- Leo 

operant conditioning 

negative reinforcement 

one pairing of the CS-US, long 

showed no fear in response similar to those in rats 

groups that we don't belong to or identify with 

homogeneity effect- tendency to see all out-group members as less varied than in-group members

• atypical- statistically rare, classifications can change over time
• disturbing- causes discomfort/concern to self or others, impair's a person's social relationships 
• maladaptive- interferes with daily functioning, self-destructive 

• categorical diagnosis- you either have it or don't 
• doesn't account for overlap
• diagnosis can be subjective 
• based on symptoms, not underlying causes 

• don't use DSM 5
• looks for underlying causes 
• considers across multiple levels- genes, brain systems, behavior 
• new organization- some areas more similar than you think 

idea that behavior is influenced by environmental factors, even though we focus on personal traits 

ex. zimbardo prison study 

• typically involves- self-reports, psychological testing, observations, medical evaluations, interviews 
• goal- make diagnosis so appropriate treatment can be provided 

• thematic apperception test- ambiguous image
• Rorschach test- showing image to diagnose/ not accurate
• projective tests- subjective, results not supported by evidence 
• diathesis-stress model- interaction between genes and environment (nature vs nurture) 

• females- negative emotions/feelings (internalizing)
• males- inability to inhibit, external stimuli (externalizing)

• excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger 
• 25% lifetime prevalence
• types- phobia, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic
• more common in women

fear of a specific object or situation 

12-13% of population

• fear of being negatively evaluated by others 
• linked with increased risk for depression and substance abuse 

• constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event 
• constant worry
• 6% of population

• sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror 
• linked with increased suicide risk, triggered by weed
• 3% of population 
• ex. Kevin Love in basketball game 

• cognitive- perception, attention, selective memory
• situational- learned factors
• bilogical- brain activity, genetics 

medication- helps short term, anti-depressants, anxiolytics 

cognitive behavioral therapy- long term, exposure therapy, systematic desensitization 

• obsessions- recurrent unwanted thoughts or ideas/ mental images
• compulsions- particular acts that patient feels they have to do over and over 

• paired to specific event (classical/operant conditioning)
• runs in families 
• caudate is smaller and has structural abnormalities 
• strep infections 
• treatment- anti depressant drugs, cognitive therapy, deep brain stimulation 

• twice as many women than men diagnosed 
• severe negative moods/fatigue/thoughts of suicide 
• significant increase in 12-20 age group 

• genetics- MZ twins 2-3x higher
• decreased activity in frontal lobe 
• smaller hippocampus 
• neurotransmitter imbalance-serotonin 
• prolonged stress, multiple negative life events, bullying 

not sever enough as major depression

depressed mood is long lasting- 20 or more years 

• 4% lifetime prevalence 
• affects men and women equally 
• alternating periods of depression and mania 

bipolar 1

extremely elevated moods during MANIC episodes 

manic= caused impairment in daily living and results in hospitalization 

extremely depressed and highly elevated moods 

hypomania= less extreme mood elevations 

depressive episodes 

• genetics- family history is strongest/ most consistent risk factor 
• identical twins>70%
• fraternal twins: 20%
• multiple genes
• successive generations have more severe disorder and earlier ages of onset 
• treatments- medication (lithium)

• a disorder characterized by restlessness/ impulsivity/ etc. 
• line between normal and abnormal is hard to draw
• 11% boys/ 4% girls 

• six or more symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity/ impulsiveness
• last at least for 6 months
• prior to age 12 and occurs in multiple settings
• decreased activity in frontal lobe and motor control regions
• difference in basal ganglia  

medication- Ritalin, Adderrall, stimulants=increase focus 

cognitive behavior therapy- best long term outcomes 

• marked by lack of empathy and remorse
• more common in men 
• symptoms decrease with increasing age 
• repeatedly preforming illegal acts

causes- amygdala is smaller, decreased frontal lobe function

treatment- none, settles down with increase in age 

disturbances in identity, impulse control

1-2% of adults

2x more common in women 

strong relationship/history between disorder and trauma/abuse

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change 

festinger experiment- people of a cult were saved by the flood (that didn't happen) because their faithfulness to the cult members and they were right all along

made a mock prison and assigned guards/prisoners to see how people would behave to conditions/commands

support the situational reasoning over the dispositional/ personality behavior 

• wanted to see how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person
• 2/3 of the participants continued to the highest volt 
• people will follow instructions when coming from an authority figure 

• how does social pressure from a majority group affect a person to conform
• confederates- a group that has their answer decided before hand
• 75% participants conformed at least once 

understand groups and its members 

intergroup conflict (conflict between two groups) occurs when two groups are in competition for limited resources 

paranoid 

disorganized 

catatonic

undifferentiated 

residual 

people acted crazy to get admitted in psychiatric hospitals 

test to see if psychiatrists can tell difference between sane and insane 

result= diagnostic system is unreliable 

• smoke filled room- people who were alone were more likely to get help
• Good Samaritan- person in alley looked in need of help and those in hurry didn't stop to help 

guess number of dots on screen and classified into over/under

two groups were asked to hang out and get to know each other 

researchers asked them to pay people= paid in-group members more 

split between thought and emotion 

hallucinations/ paranoia/ self harm 

causes- genetics, mutations of dna, gene mutations, reduced brain tissue

treatments- antipsychotics medication, social skills and family therapy