1. adapting of sensory cortices to changes in sensory inputs that are in the cerebral cotrex

2. the ability to be molded 

3. phantom pains / limbs

1. houses the chromosomes that contain your DNA, its inside the cell body

1. the process by which different frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along the basilar membrane 

2. used mainly for high frequencies

1. a type of neurotransmitter, they are chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain

2. they help dull the experience of pain and elevate moods, runners high for example

1. what the myelin sheath is composed of

2. named for the greek word glue, theyre support cells found in the nervous system 

3. there are 10 to 50 times more neurons in your brain (100 billion neurons)

retinal display

aka retina

1. occurs when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

2. in experiments where someone asks for directions and is replaced by someone else, 7/ 15 college students saw a difference

1.an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish casual relationships

???

cat scan

aka CT scan

1. a type of neuroimaging technique, Computerized Axial Tompgraphy (CT) scan

2. in a CT scan, scanners rotate a device around a persons head and takes a series of xray photographs from different angles

3. they show different densities of tissue in the brain, higher density skulls look white on a CT scan, the cortex is gray, and lesser dense fissures and ventricles in the brain are dark

1. the process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

2. this is when muscles change the shape of the lens to focus objects at different distances, making the lens flatter for objects that are far away or rounder for nearby objects

1. regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal

2. begins inside the medulla and extends upwards as a small cluster of neurons

1. an electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to a synapse

2. Biologists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley found how to produce a electrical impulse by stimulating the axon

1. a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined

2. we correctly combine features into unified objects so automaticaly and effortlessly that it may be difficult to appreciate that binding is ever a problem

1. objects that are close together tend to be grouped together 

2. a principle of perceptual organization

1. occurs when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoding neural signals sent to the central nervous system. 

2. sensory receptors communicate with the brain cells through this

Sensation:

1. a simple stimulation of a sense organ

2. the basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste 

Perception:

1. after a sensation registers in your centeral nervous system, perception takes place in your brain: the organization, idetification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation.

1. was a 25 year old railroad worker, on sep 13 1848 in Cavendish, Vermont he was packing an explosive charge into a crevice in a rock when the power exploded, driving a 3 foot 13 pound iron rod through his head at high speeds

2. phineas' tramatic accident allowed researchers to investigate the functions of the frontal lobe and its connections to the emotion center

1. nerve fibers that sense cold and warmth, they respond when your skin temperature chnges

2. part of the touch system

1. the master gland of the bodys hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body

2. located below the hypothalamus

1. the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials 

2. the simplest quantity of measurement in psychpshycics

1. the tase system contains 5 main types of tast receptors:

Salty

Sour 

Bitter

Sweet 

and Umani (savory)

synesthetes

aka synesthesia

1. chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a recieveing neuron's dendrites

2. inside tiny vesicles or "bags" found insidee a terminal button

1. pain is important to survival, pain indicates damage or potential damage to the body, without the ability to feel pain, we might ignore infections, broken bones, or serious burns 

2. neural signals for pain travel to 2 areas in the brain:

one pathway sends signals to the somatosensory cortex, identifying where the pain is occuring and what sort of pain it is (sharp, burn, dull)

and the other sends signals to the motivational and emotional centers of the brain, such as the hypothalamus and amygdala and the frontal lobe, this pain is unpleasent and motivates us to escape from or relieve the pain

1. the junction or reigon between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of cell body of another

2. the small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another

the brain relay station

aka thalamus

pet scan 

aka Positron Emission Tomography

1. a listeners experience of sound quality or resonance 

2. differences in the complexity of sound waves or their mix of frequences correspond to this

1. Dendrites recieve information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body

the word dendrites from the greek word "tree"

2. the axon carries infomation to other neurons, muscles, or glands

1. the organ of taste transduction

2. mouth contains 5k to 10k taste buds distributed all over the tounge, roof of mouth, and upper throat

3. each taste bud contains 50 to 100 taste receptor cells

1. there are 3 major types:

Sensory neuron - recieves information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain via spinal cord

motor neurons - carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

interneurons - connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons 

1. olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) - receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell

1. drugs that increase the action of a neuron rotransmitter 

2. Antagonists - drugs that block the function of a neurontransmitter

1. Sympathic nervous system - a set of nerves that perpares the body for action in challenging or threatening situation (fight)

2. parasympathetic nervous system - helps the body return to a normal resting state (flight)

1. 2 types of photoreceptor cells: 

cones - detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions and allow us to focus on fine detail

rods - become active under low-light conditions for night vision

1. a movement disorder characterized by trmors and difficulty initiating movement and caused by the loss of neurons that use the neurotransmitter dopamine

2. L-dopa was invented to battle this disease

1. break points on the axon that the myelin sheath dont coveer

2. after french pathologist Louis Antoine Ranvier who discovered them

4 lobes:

Frontal Lobe - conscious

Parietal Lobe - touch and taste

Occipital Lobe - vision stuff tbh

Temporal Lobe - memories