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| what does psychology date back to? |
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| Ancient Greek Philosophers |
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| Wilhelm Wundt, first psych lab |
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| focused on the structure of the mind |
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| focused on the function of the mental and behavioral processes |
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| current definition of psychology |
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| science of behavior and mental processes, uses observation |
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| how we learn observable responses |
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| how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info |
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| how brain and body enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences, functions of different prts of brain |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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| influences of conscious drives and conflicts on behaviors |
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| how natural selection promotes passing on of one's genes |
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| socio-cultural perspective |
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| how behavior and thinking vary across different situations and cultures |
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| behavior genetics perspective |
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| how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
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| biopsycholsocial approach |
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| looks at the influences of psychological influences, social cultural influences, and biological influences on behavior or mental process |
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| belief, after learning an outcome, that you knew what the outcome would be |
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| overestimating the accuracy of beliefs and judgments |
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-curious skepticism
-humility, truth more than own ideas
-critical thinking, thinking w/o blindly accepting |
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observations
theory
hypothesis
test
replicate |
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| case study, naturalistic observation, survey |
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| study on one person, observe |
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| pros and cons of case study |
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pros: easy to follow one person, increases understanding of rare things that can be manipulated
cons: no control, only one person |
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| multiple observations of multiple people, natural setting, no intervention by researcher |
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pros: good for describing what people do, not biased.
cons: lack of control, lot of time |
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| questionnaires or interviews |
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pros: easy and quick
cons: wording of questions could be bias, poor sampling, unsure of cause |
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| result of descriptive studies, relationship b/w 2 or more variable |
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| statistical measure of the relationship |
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| correlation and causation |
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| correlations do not cause or equal causation |
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| experimental research (2) |
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control of variable, manipulation, random
ex: experiment, quasi experiment |
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| experiments on variables and conditions |
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| pros: lots of control, can determine causation. cons: biases possible, realistic? |
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| participant and experimenter doesn't know what group they are in |
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| when expectations influence behavior, ex: thinks getting real drug but not..same effects. |
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| control over certain variables, manipulation of others, random assign. of some, no random assign. of variable of interest |
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| quasi experiment pros and cons |
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pros: some control can rule out other explanations, somewhat sure of causation
cons: less control than true experement, less certainty about cause and effect conclusions. |
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| doesn't receive treatment |
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| use statistics to organize, summarize, and make inferences on data |
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| most frequent occurring score |
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| difference b/w lowest and highest scores |
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| measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
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