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What happened to Phineas Gage |
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Got a pipe shot through his head in accident. Damaged frontal lobe, was realy nice man then was grumpy after incident. |
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speacialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system and contain three major parts.
1. a cell body
2. dendrites
3. axon |
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Several important tasks that nuerons perform. |
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1. Afferent nuerons
2. Efferent nuerons
3. Interneurons |
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nuerons relay messages from the sense organs and receptors-eyes,ears,nose,mouth, and skin- to the brain or spinal cord |
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motor neurson convey signals rom the central nervous system to the glands and the muscles. enabling body to move |
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thousands of times more numerous than motor or sensory, carry info between nuerons in the brain an d between nerons in the spinal cord. |
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soma
contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic, or life-sustaining, functions of a nueron. |
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look much life leafless brances of a tree. and are the primary receivers of signals from other nuerons. cell body can also recieve signals directly |
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slender, tail-like extension of the ueron that transmits signals to the dendrits or cell body of other nuerons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body |
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speacilized cells in the brain and spinal cord that hold nuerons togeth, remove waster products, such as dead neurons from the brain by engufing and digesting them, handles other manufacotring, nursoshing, and cleanup tasts |
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fatty coating on some axons that acts as insulation |
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the gaps in the myelin sheath |
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sprouts from the axon that end in bulbous axon terminals |
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the gaps between axon terminals and recieving nuerons, across which signals are transmitted |
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are the billions of nurtons that send and recieve signals connected? |
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| the junction where the axon terminal of sending (presynaptic) nueron communicates with a receiving (postsynaptic) nueron across the synaptic cleft |
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how many synapses are in the human nervous system? |
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a single nueron may synapse with how many other nuerons? |
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cells in the brain, spinal cord, and muscles generate... |
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tiny electric charges that play a part in all bodily functions. everytime you move a muslce, expereince a sensation, or have a thought of feeling, a small but measurable electrical impulse is present |
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the cell memebrance actually changes its capability of being penetrates or passed through. the membrance chages in a way that makes it easier for molecules to move through in and into the axon through ion channels in the membrane |
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bodily fluids contains.... |
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-ions
-positive electrical charges
-negative charges. |
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| (not firing) the membrance carries a negative electrical potentioal of about -70 millivolts relative to the fuilid outise the cell |
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When ion channels begin to open in the cell membrance of the axon at the point closest to the cell body, allos positive ions to flow into the axon. this inflow of positive ions causes the membrane potential to... |
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reversal of resting potential, lasts for about 1 milisecond |
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Action potential opertates to what law |
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| all or nothing. a nueron either fires or doesnt fire at all. |
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after a nueron fires it enters the... |
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| may be sinaled by neurons firing very sloly, , may cause relativiley few neurons to fire. |
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incite nuerons to fire hundres of times per second or at the same time |
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electrical impulse is retriggered or regenerates at... |
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regnerations makes the impulse up to 100 times faster than impulses in axons... |
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damage to myelin sheath... |
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| interuptions in the nueral messages. MS (multiple sclerosis) involves deteriotationf ot the myelin sheath. resulting in loss of coordination, jerky movements, uscular weakness, and disturbances in speech. |
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messages are transmitted between nuerons by one or more of a large grou of |
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nuerotransmitter is a chemcial substnace that is realised into the synatptic cleft from the axon termincal of a sending nueron corsses a synapse, and binds to appropriate recepotor sites on the dendrites or cell body of a receiving nueron, influencing the cell either to fire or not. |
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small, sphere shpaed containers with thin memranes, hold nuerotransmitteers\
when an actional potential arrives at the axon terminal, synaptic vesicles move toward the cell membrane, fuse with it, and release their nuerotransmitter molecules |
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have distincitvve shape, are protein molecules no the surfaces of dendrites and cell bodys. nuerotransmitters can onlyh affect those nurons whose receptors are the right shape to recieve them.
receptor is lock, nuerotrandmitter is key |
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can a nuerotransmitter compete for the same receptor? |
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excitatory nuerotransmitter |
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| substances that facilitates and speeds up the transmission of nueral impulses from one nueron to another. |
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| precent or sow doen the transmittion of nueral impulses across the synaptic cleft |
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cell body is always working to manufacture |
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| more of the nuerotransmitter |
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unused nuerotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.. |
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| may be broken down into components and relceaimed by the axon terminal to be recycles and used again. |
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| the nuerotransmitter is taken from the synaptic cleft back into the terminal, intact and ready for immediate use thus terminatnig the nuerotransmitter's excitatory or inhibitory effet on the receiing nuerno |
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some electrical transmission is knwon to ocur at synpases in the retine, the olfactory bulb, and the cerebral cortex |
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how many chemical substances are manufactured in the brain, spinal cord, galdns, and other parts of the body that act as nuerotransmitters |
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a nuerotransmitter that exerts excitatory effcts on the skeletal muscle fibers, causing them to contract so that the body can move and has an inhibitory effct on the muscle fibers in the heart, which keeps the heart from beeting too rapidlly
helps leg muscles contract quick |
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. prevents your heart muscle from pumping so rapidly that you pass out
- helps you store info into your mrmory
-helps your leg muscles contractj quickly
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| one of four nerutrasmitters callled monoamines, produces both excitatory and inhibitory effects and is involved in several functions, including learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement |
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has an effect on eating habits (stimulates the intake of carbohydrates) and plays a major role in alartess and wakefulness |
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| complenements norepinephrine by affaecting the metabolism of gluvose and causing the nutrient energy stored in mucles to be released during strenous exercise |
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| plays an importnat role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite |
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primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
may be released about 40% of nuerons and is active in areas of the brain involvedin learning though, and emotions |
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gamma-aminobutyricacid
facilitate the control of anxiety in humans.
cause of epilepsy is an abnormaility n the nuerons the secrete GABA |
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its own opiatelike substances whuich provide relief from pain or the stress of vigorous exercise and produce feelings of pleasure and well-being |
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| called the reticular activating sysmtem, plays a crucial role in arousal and attention. blocks some messages and sends others on to structures in the midbrain and forebrain processing. determines how alert we are. important messages go through, even when we are sleeping. |
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| structure above the medulla and at the top of the brainstem is a bridgelike structure |
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critcially important to the body's ability to execute sooth, skilled movements
regulates muscle tone and posture.
motor learning and in retatiing memories of motor activities
coordinates the series of movementes necessary to perform many simple activities
cognitive and social fucnctions as well as motor functions
may increase our efficiency in acquring sensory information and discriminating between sensory stiumuli |
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| the hindbrain and forebrain |
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the structures of this brain regain act primarlity as relay stations through which the basic phsiological functions of the hindbrain are ilnked to the cognitive functions of the forebrain. |
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| is located in the midbrain and is comprised of darkly covered nuclei of nerve cells that control our unconscious motor actions. |
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| two egg-shaped parts, serves as the relay station for virtually all the information that flows into and out of the forebrain, including senseoy information from all the senses except smell. |
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| our ability to learn new verbal information and plays a role in the productions of language. regulation of sleep cycles. |
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| people who have acute brin injury and remain in unresponseive vegatative mode. |
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| regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and a wide variety of emotional behaviors, and internal body temperature. located below thalamus 2 onces. |
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| a group of structures in the brain,inclding the amygdala and the hippocampus, that are collectivelty involeved in emotion express, memory and motivation. |
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