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| all the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering, communication. |
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| a grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (physical objects) |
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| a mental representation of a category |
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| mental image or best example that incorporates the features of a category, in grouping, you compare with the prototype |
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| how similar an item is the the prototype (that bird is more prototypical) |
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| a simple thinking strategy for solving problems and making judgments (retracing steps, where last were, were usually find them) |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a problem (look everywhere!!) |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| judge likelihood of something based on how well it matches a certain prototype (if person likes to read, match them with librarian) |
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| judge things based on their availability in memory (just based on memory) |
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| searching for info that confirms our expectations or beliefs |
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| cant see problems from new perspective |
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| type of fixation, related to past solutions |
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| type of fixation, related too usual functions, not realizing you can use something for something other an original use |
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| heuristics as an obstacle |
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| may: ignore other relevant info and over underestimate frequency |
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| overconfidence as an obstacle |
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| overestimating accuracy of beliefs and judgments |
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| smallest unit of distinct sound (sh, ch, th, ng, ll, oo, ee, etc) |
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| smallest unit that carries meaning (whole words and prefixes and suffixes like s, ed, ing, cat, run, the, etc) |
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| system of rules that enables us to communicate with others |
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| deals with word order in sentences |
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| related to syntax (that is my toy, that is my book) |
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| related to semantics (that toy is mine) |
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| 4 months, utter sounds, not real words |
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| around 1st bday, see a pic and can know the word for it, one word phrases |
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| by second bday, start uttering 2 word sentences (big doggy, not doggy big) (telegraphic speech) |
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| childhood is the critical period. can only learn certain aspects of language in this framework of time. |
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| hypothesis that language determines how we think |
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| value of thinking in images |
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| new words are developed, we think in images, learn and practice with images, mental rehearsal, |
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| clever hans was a horse, people thought he could preform math problems. he would stomp out numbers, what really was going on was that the horse was reading the owners facial expressions and when he was close to the number the owner would get happy and the horse then knew he got it right. |
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| speech like a telegram (go car, want juice) using mostly nouns and verbs. occurs in two word stage |
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| cognitive skills associated with great aps |
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| use tools, understand numbers, transmit cultural innovations |
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