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| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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| a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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| a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items toa prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error prone, use of hueristics |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more error prone, than algorithms |
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| a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
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| a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
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| a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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| the tendency to think of things only in terms if their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| judging the likelyhood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind , we presume such events are common |
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| the tendency to be more confident than correct. to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
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| clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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| the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
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| our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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| in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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| in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word |
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| in language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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| the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning |
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| the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
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| beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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| the stage in speech development (from about 1 to 2) during which a child speaks mostly in singe words |
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| beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2 word statements |
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram; using mostly nouns and verbs
ex. "go car" |
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| visual cortex (purpose for language) |
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| recieves written words as visual stimulation |
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| transforms visual representations into an auditory code |
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| controls speech muscles via the motor cortex |
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| impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's Area or Wernicke's Area |
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| Look at chart on page 390 to understand interpretation of language |
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| whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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