Term
| Individual's characteric pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ will let you know what to expect out of a person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the first comprehensive theory of personality and who came up with it? |
|
Definition
The Psychanalytical Perspective
Freud |
|
|
Term
| What did Freud based his theory of personality on? |
|
Definition
| his psychanalytical practice |
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Term
|
Definition
| thoughts or motives a person is currently aware of or is remembering; whatver you are thinking right now |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| thoughts and motives that you are not currently aware of but could become aware of easily |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| thoughts and motives that guide your personality but you don't really have access to; they lie beyond a person's normal awareness |
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Term
| Most of our personality is based on which consciousness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In trying to discover the root causes of problems presented by clients in his care, Frud used what two methods? |
|
Definition
Free Association
Psychoanalysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| show up to therapy appointment and jsut start talking; not trying to sensor what you are saying, just talking about the first things that come to your mind; it is a method of exploring the unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
Freud's theory of personailty that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
the technique used in threating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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|
Term
| Most primitive part of the personality - strives to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Id is dominated by the _________ - which seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediate among the demands of the id, superego and reality |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Ego works according to the reality principle, which ... |
|
Definition
| forstalls action until can assess the present, consider what has happened in past, and make realistic plans for the future |
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|
Term
NOTE:
The Ego tried to control the Id; keeps the Id from running a muck
The Id wants to steal someone's sandwich when you are hungry the Ego says that you will probably get arrested so you should go to Taco Bell on the way home |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
our standards of right and wrong
rules of society |
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|
Term
| The Superego operates on the _____ principle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The morality principle has 2 parts: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the no's of society; negative, punitive, and critical; tells you what no to do |
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Term
|
Definition
| these are the things you should do to be a good person; positive aspirations |
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|
Term
| According to Freud what are the psychosexual stages of development? |
|
Definition
the oral stage
the anal stage
the phallic or oedipal stage
the latency stage
puberty |
|
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Term
| Stage that occurs from birth to 12-18 months. Includes bodily pleassures on the mouth |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Babies have to nurse to stay alive, but they like sucking on other things too (thumbs, pacifier), this is called _______ |
|
Definition
autoerotic
they are not getting anything out of it but pleasure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| no matter how far we have advanced beyond it, we maintain a lasting preoccupation with pleasures and issues of the earlier stage |
|
|
Term
| Why do people have fixations? |
|
Definition
| they had excessive gratification or excessive frustration with the certain stage |
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|
Term
| This stage lasts from 12-18 months to 3 years old. Focus is on retaining or expelling feces; this is normally when we toilet train children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Freud call toilet training? |
|
Definition
battles of the toilet bowl
no matter how delicately you try to train your kids, they get frustrated
he said it was so frustrating that everyone has some anal frustration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these kids fought back against toilet training; they are now messy and disorganized adults |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| these kids put too much into the process of toilet training; they were overly praised; now they are excessively orderly, neat freaks |
|
|
Term
| What is the Phallic or Oedipal stage? |
|
Definition
from 3-6 years old
source of bodily pleasure is on the genitals - it is not uncommon for the kids to masturbate
source of bodily pleasure is on the genitals - not uncommon for the children to masturbate |
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|
Term
| The Boy's Oedipus Complex |
|
Definition
| the little boy becomes sexually attracted to his own mother, he knows that his dad sleeps with his mom and thinks the dad would be so mad at the son that the son has castration anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear that father will take revenge by castrating the son |
|
|
Term
| How does the son overcome his castration anxiety? |
|
Definition
| he overcomes his rivalry by spending time with his dad and learned male gender roles and morality |
|
|
Term
| Once the son has resolved his crisis (he no longer wants to replace his dad), he forms his __________ - a moral wall is built between the boy and unacceptable desires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Girl's Oedipus Complex (Electra Complex) |
|
Definition
A little girl thinks that she was born with a penis, but has lost it; she blames her mother for not haivng one, she seeks to replace her mom and be romantically involved with her dad (penis envy)
the girl fears her mother, but not as much as the boy fears his dad |
|
|
Term
| The girl overcomes this feeling of penis envy by spending time with her mother and learning female gender roles and learning morality. This is when she also forms her superego. But what did Freud say was different in this part between boys and girls? |
|
Definition
| because girls don't have castration anxiety they don't have as much to fear so they develop a weaker superego |
|
|
Term
| The stage from age 6 to puberty where you repress all sexual and agressive urges (becuase it got you no where before) and you take that energy and put it into school or sports. No source of bodily pleasure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Puberty AKA The Genital Stage |
|
Definition
from puberty onward
reawakening of sexual impulses; you can no longer deny sexual impulses; major task is to get out of the house so you don't commit incest |
|
|
Term
| What are defence mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| ego's protective methods or reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality (makes us feel better) |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of defense mechanisms? |
|
Definition
repression
regression
reaction formation
projection
rationalization
displacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of repression |
|
Definition
| someone cannot recall childhood sexual abuse becuase the mind removes it from their awareness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of regression |
|
Definition
a child starts to suck their thimb again (oral stage) when they go to a new school or something changes in their life
they moved passed the oral stage, but something frustrated them so they move back to calm themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ego unconsciously switches unaccetable impulses into their opposites |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of reaction formation |
|
Definition
you start to hate someone you love becuase they don't love you back
your mind takes care of it for your because it is socially unacceptable |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| people disguise their own threatening impulse by attributing them to others |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of projection |
|
Definition
| people who cheat on their spouses think their spouse is cheating on them |
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Term
|
Definition
| offers self-justifying explanations in the place of the real reason for one's actions |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of rationalization |
|
Definition
| deciding that it doesn't matter that you cheat on your taxes becuase you didn't owe that much anyway; it doesn't matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shifting sexual or aggressive impluses towards a more acceptable or less threatneing object or person |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of displacement |
|
Definition
| mother scols daughter, daughter is mad at mom, she can't hit mom or yell at mom, so she pours a glass of milk on a cat |
|
|
Term
| Neo-Freudians agreed with Freud in many respects, but differed on 2 important issues: |
|
Definition
they gave more importance to conscious thought and motives
they were less concerned with sexual and aggressive impulses (think of these emotions as important, but not all consuming) |
|
|
Term
| According to Adler's theory, each of us is born into the world in a sense of __________. We start as week and helpless child and strive to overcome these deficiencies by: |
|
Definition
inferiority
striving for superiority |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| trying to overcome childhood deficiencies by becomng better than others |
|
|
Term
| What is our sense of inferiority exacerbated by? |
|
Definition
| everyone having to take care of us when we are kids |
|
|
Term
| According to Adler, if we do not become superior to other around us it is very frustrating and we can develop an inferiority complex = |
|
Definition
| feelings of competence, worthlessness left over from infancy |
|
|
Term
| What was the major disagreement between Jung and Freud? |
|
Definition
| he thought there was more to the unconscious than Freud theorized. He thought that there were fears, behaviors, and thoughts that childrean and adults exhibit that are remarkable similar across time and culture |
|
|
Term
| Jung's Collective Unconscious = |
|
Definition
shared, inherited reservoir of memoryl we are born with shared ideas
similar stories across the world |
|
|
Term
| What was Jung's newly formed school of thought? and what did it theorize? |
|
Definition
Analytic psychology
theorized about how this collective unconscious influences personality
he said it made up archetypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an original model of type after which other similar things are paatered; a prototype
common ideas or characters that are present in lots of cultures |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of archetypes |
|
Definition
stock characters in teenage movies
hot girl
bad boy
nerd
jock
you know they are going to be there and how they are going to behave |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types are archetypes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| masculine side of females |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unconscious dark side of our personality
represented by devil in some cultures |
|
|
Term
| Horney had a big influence from ________ |
|
Definition
feminism
she was perhaps the theorist who changed the way psychology looked at gender differences |
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|
Term
| Horney countered Freud's concept of penis envy with what? |
|
Definition
| womb envy - man's envy of a woman's ability to bear children (that is why they have to succeed in business and make money) |
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|
Term
| Horney also disagreed with Freud's belief that males and females were born with inherent differences in their personality. Rater she cited: |
|
Definition
| differences due to society and culture |
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|
Term
NOTE:
Freud said that our genital structures told us a lot about the differences between men and women. Men project into the world and women accept the world. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Test that include ambiguous stimuli that are intended to get a wide range of responses from examinees to assess the unconscious |
|
Definition
| projective tests of personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bilaterally symmetrical inkblots
presented with different inkblots and you are asked to describe what you see in as much details as possible; look for themes in your answers |
|
|
Term
| Why is there disagreement about Rorchach Inkblot Tests? |
|
Definition
scoring is very complex, answers that cna be given vary so much that it is really hard to score
lacks both reliability and validity - no standardization of administration |
|
|
Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
|
Definition
developed my Henry Murray
test consists of 31 ambiguous pictures, about 10 of which are chosen by the clincian to be presented to the examinee; the examinee is asked to make up a story to explain the pciture |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Like the Rorschach test, the TAT lacks both reliability and validity, and its use is on the decline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When evaluation the psychoanalytical perspective what contridicotry evidence is there from modern research? |
|
Definition
development is lifelong, not fixed in childhood
overestimation of parents and underestimation of peers on our development
gender identity formed before phallic stage of development (2 year olds know about gender roles)
memories of childhood sexuality may have been artifact of his therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
evidence suggests that we have more trouble forgetting traumatic info than not remembering it
repression may exist but it is rarer than Freud thought |
|
|
Term
| Freud thought that your unconscious mind is full of dark, devient things that you are not aware of. What do modern psychologists think? |
|
Definition
| we do process info without our conscious awareness, but it is not full of sexual deviance and agressive impulses |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with Freud's ideas as a scientific theory? |
|
Definition
| if you have a truely sicentific theory about personality you should be able to make predictions based on that theory; he could only offer his explanations of past behavior, and can't tell you what you are likely to do in the future |
|
|
Term
| Where does humanistic psychology gets its name from? |
|
Definition
| its belief in the basic goodness and respect of humankind |
|
|
Term
| What is Abraham Maslow's Humanistic Theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete understanding of yoruself; being the best person you can be; you know who you are and how you fit into society |
|
|
Term
| What did Maslow's theory say? |
|
Definition
once we became self-actualized we would no longer feel shame, guilt, or hatred
we would accept the world the way it is and see human nature as inherently good |
|
|
Term
| What is Carl Rogers' humanistic theory? |
|
Definition
| Person-Centered Perspective |
|
|
Term
| What is the Person-Centered Perspective? |
|
Definition
| the most important aspect of personality is the self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of experience that a person comes to identify early in life as I or me |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the info and beliefs indivudals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior (everything you know about yourself in different categories) |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Our different areas of self concepts come together to make our self |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carl Rogers was a big proponent of unconditional postive regard, which is? |
|
Definition
| positive behavior towards a person with no contingencies attached (no strings attached) |
|
|
Term
| Who did Carl Rogers think should always show unconditional positive regard? |
|
Definition
parents should always show their children
they don't have to agree with everything their child does but you still have to value and respect them as a human being |
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|
Term
| What do critics say about the humanistic perspective? |
|
Definition
concepts are vauge and subjective (Maslow's self actualized person is based on his persoanl values)
the focus on the self can lead to people becoming selfish
naive assumptions (not all people are inehrenetly good) |
|
|
Term
| Decribe the Trait Perspective |
|
Definition
| it is less concerned with explaining personaility and it more concerned with describing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a characteristc pattern of behavior or a diposition to feel and act |
|
|
Term
How many words are there to describe personality?
How many of those fit what researchers consider traits (the core aspects of personality)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Gordon Allport's trait perspective on personality? |
|
Definition
| the best way to study personality is to study a person and rank their indivudl personality into a heirarchy with the traits at the top that control most of their behavior |
|
|
Term
| Who condensed the list of traits into 30-35 basic traits using factor analysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data
which words can we describe the same concept in personality |
|
|
Term
| What is Hans and Sybil Eysenck's trait perspective on personality? |
|
Definition
personality is a relationship between two traits:
-Extraversion-introversion
-Emotional stability - instability |
|
|
Term
| Extraversion-Introversion |
|
Definition
continuum of socially outgoing to socially withdrawn
extraversion- likes meeting people, going to parties, etc
introversion- being alone, shy |
|
|
Term
| Emotional Stability - Instability |
|
Definition
| continuum of someone who is in control of their emotions (calm) to someone who is moody (neurotic) |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the Big Five Model? |
|
Definition
Extravesion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to new experiences
Neuroticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA Surgency
people who rank high on this are the talkative, energetic, and assertive people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic, kind, nurturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dependable, organized, thorough, makes plans, trustworthy |
|
|
Term
| Openness to New Experiences |
|
Definition
AKA intellect or culture
having a wide interest in things, being imaginative, insightful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA Emotional Stability (reversed)
tense, moddy, anxious |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
According to the Big Five Model we have all five traits, just at differnt levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA Objective tests
standardized questionnaries that require written responses, typically multiple choice or true-false items
most widely used method to test for personality |
|
|
Term
| What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory? |
|
Definition
most widely researched ad clinically used self-report personality test
550 items
easy to adminsiter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the examinee is presented with a series of affirmative statements
read the statement and apply it to yourself and then answer - true, false, cannot say |
|
|
Term
| The MMPI has three scales designed to identify response sets to see if you are taking the test honestly. What are they? |
|
Definition
Lie score
validity score
correction score |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indicates that you are lying in order to make yourself look good, or better than you are
Example: I like every single personal I meet - this is a lie for everyone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indicates a careless of random resposne pattern
a lot of the questions are rpeated in differnet was so you should answer them the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
examinee is trying to fake good: make themselves look healthier than they actually are
or they are trying to fake bad: make themselves look less mentally helathy |
|
|
Term
| What do the critics of the trait perspective say? |
|
Definition
lack of explanation - theories describe people but don't tell you why they are the way they are
situational determinants - some researchers believe you cannot predict what people can do in any given situation - traits are meaningless |
|
|
Term
| Social Cognitive Perspective |
|
Definition
| views behavior as influences by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context (interaction between who we are and how we think) |
|
|
Term
| REciprocal determinism (Bandura) |
|
Definition
| idea that your personality is shaped by interactions between thoughts, behavior, and enviroment all interacting together |
|
|
Term
| What is an external or internal locus of Control? |
|
Definition
| what you beleive controls the outcome of a particular situation |
|
|
Term
| External Locus of Control |
|
Definition
| people who think enviroment and external forces have primary control over their lives |
|
|
Term
| Internal locus of control |
|
Definition
| people who think they can control events in thier lives through their own efforts |
|
|
Term
| Which locus of control is positvely associated with higher psychological functioning and better mental health? |
|
Definition
internal
if something bad happens to you, you will try to make your life better |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect the locus of control? |
|
Definition
learned helplessness vs. personal control
optimisim vs. pessimism |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
When we can control our envrioment, we fell happier, and are more likely to persevere under difficult circumstances
When we have little or no control over what happens to us, we can become resigned and hopeless |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when animalsand people expeirence no control over repeated bad events, they often learn helplessness |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of learned helplessness |
|
Definition
| researcher named Seligman took dogs and exposed them to unavoidable hocks to their feet no matter what they did, eventually they put a gate in the area and they could get out, but they had been exposed to the unavoidable bad experience so many times they gave up and didn't try to get out |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Pessimism is correlated with an external locus of control and feelings of helplessness
Optimisim is correlated with an internal locus of control and a greater likelihood of persevernce in the face of adversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While optismism has its benefits, being excessively optimistic can : |
|
Definition
blind us to the risks of our own behavior
if you see yourself as less likely yo contract HIV than your peers you are less likely to use condoms and therefore expose yoruself to the greater risk of getting it |
|
|
Term
| What do the critcs say about the social-cognitive perspective? |
|
Definition
| In its favor, this approach is objective, experimentally oriented, defined by operational concepts, and based on empirical data. However, some psychologists think that focusing on situational factors overlooks inner traits, less socially obvious traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the person we would like to be (when we think in the future, the person we want to become) |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
You have your actual seld and your ideal self, you want ther to be some discrepancy between who you are now and your ideal self, but not too much. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is not enough difference between your actual self and the ideal self? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is too a big enough differnce between the ideal self and the actual self? |
|
Definition
| it will make you feel bad about who you are now |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the person you see as possible to become, but you want to avoid becoming
worried you become a cat lady |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
People with high self esteem geel happier, sleep better, conform less, persist at difficult tasks, expeirnces less loneliness, and have better social expriences |
|
Definition
| it is unclear if high self-esteem gives you these characteristics or vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
readiness to perceive oneself favorably
people accept more responsibility for good deeds than bad, and for success than for failures
we make excuses for bad things
you made an A on one test because you are brilliant, you failed the other one becuase she is too hard
most people see themselves as better than average |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differing from the norm or from the accepted statnards of society |
|
|
Term
T/F
Deviances varies by culture, context, and time |
|
Definition
True
for example nudity is perfectly acceptable in some cultures, others it is not
killing people is not normally okay, but battle is |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Keep in mind that many things differ from the norm, but would not be considered disordered. For example, genius level IQ definitely differs from the norm – it’s very rare – but no one is prepared to say there’s something wrong with being a genius. That’s why it’s important to also include the qualifiers distressful and dysfunctional. It is different behavior, but it also causes you problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long ago what was considered abnormal? |
|
Definition
| mysterious actions were attributed to supernatural powers, and maddness was a sign that spirits had possessede a prson |
|
|
Term
| Stone Age people practiced trephining: |
|
Definition
| boring holes into people's skull to let out evil spirits |
|
|
Term
| What kind of view did the ancient Greeks have of abnormal behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The roots of a more _______ view of abnormal behavior can be traced to ancient Greece. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Greek physician Hippocrates beleived that different problems were cuasxed by imbalances in the four humors. What are the four humors? |
|
Definition
Blood
Yellow bile
Phlegm
Black bile |
|
|
Term
| Describe what the Four Humors are. |
|
Definition
body' liquids
a traditional theory of psychology in which the state of health - and by extension the state of mind, or character - depeneded upon a balance among the four elemental fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stands for air
if you get too much you will become sanguine, sexually motivated, courageous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stands for fire
if you get too much you will be choleric, violent, easily angered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stands for water
if you get too much you'll become phlegmattic - calm, unemotional, removed from other people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stands for earth
if you get too much you'll be malancholic, sad, sleeples, irritable, depressed |
|
|
Term
| Although the specifics of Hippocrates' theory seem fanciful today, how did his naturalistic approach affect us today? |
|
Definition
| it encoruaged a systemic search to uncover the causes of mental illness, and it implied that disturbed people should be treated with the care and sympathy offered to people suffering from physical illness. we are starting to lok for medical reasons for someone who is ill |
|
|
Term
| During the Middle Ages, Europeans reverted to the supernatural view of abnormal behavior- although more naturalistic accounts were kept alive in ______ cultures |
|
Definition
Arab
melancholy, incoherence, even eccentricity - were seen as the work of demons; the emotioanlly disturved person was thought to be a witch or possessed by the devil |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Although the systematic, naturalistic approach to mental illness did not resurface until the Age of Reason, by the late Middle Ages, public and private asylums where emotionally disturbed people could be confined were being established. The move away from viewing the mentally ill as witches and demon-possessed was a significant advance. But although these institutions were founded with good intentions, most were little more than prisons. In worst cases, inmates were chained down and deprived of food, life, or air to “cure” them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The year 1793 was a turning point in the history of the treatment of the mentally ill. In that year, Philipe Pinel became the director of the Bicetre Hospital in Paris. What did Pinel advocate? |
|
Definition
| a medical model of mental illness |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical model of mental illness? |
|
Definition
diseases, including mental diseases, have phyical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured
if you want people to act normally, then treat them normally |
|
|
Term
| What occured under Pinel in the hospital for the mentally ill? |
|
Definition
| it was drastically reorgnaized - patients were unchained and allowed to move around the hospital grounds, rooms were made more comfortable, violent medical treatments were rejected |
|
|
Term
| What is the biopsychosocial model? |
|
Definition
| a view of mental disorders as cuased by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociological factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physcial illness, disruptions in bodily processes, and genetic influences
looking to the body for the precursor to mental illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our reactions to stress and truama, unrealistic beliefs, learning history, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, age, ethnicity, your culture of origin and other social and cultural factors |
|
|
Term
| Diathesis-Stress approach |
|
Definition
views psychological disorders as arising when a predisposition for a disorer combines with sufficient amounts of stress to trigger symptoms
you are born with a predisposition to a mental disorder, but it doesn't become apparent until you are plauged with stress |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the diathesis-stress approach |
|
Definition
| you don't start to have a drinking problem until you lose your job |
|
|
Term
| Why is saying a person has a pyschological disorder powerful? |
|
Definition
once we label someone, it changes how we view and treat them
oh she is so bipolar ... maybe becuase we view them that way they will bring out the disorder in them |
|
|
Term
| What is David Rosenhan's study called? |
|
Definition
| On Being Sane in Insane Places |
|
|
Term
| What is David Rosenhan's study? |
|
Definition
| 8 normal or "sane" peop;e including himself gained secret admission to 12 different metnal hospitals around the country complaining of hearing hallucinatory voices, most were diagnosed with schizophrenia, once they gained admission they didn't show any more symptoms, they went through their days in the institution as normally as possible, they were all released on remission - still had the disease but weren't showing symptoms right now |
|
|
Term
| What are anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistant anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress. IT helps you deal with a tense situation, but when anxiety becomes an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, it has become a disabling disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is generalized anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
chronic, uncontrollable, and excessive worry not focused on any particular object or situation
AKA Chronic Motherism |
|
|
Term
T/F
People with general anxety disorder know that their anxiety is more intense than the situation warrants |
|
Definition
true
but they can't stop
their worries are accompanied by physcial symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What are the physical symptoms of general anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
trembling
sweating
nausea
muscle tension
difficulty breathing
twitching
irritability
fatiuge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden and inexplicable attacks of intence fear |
|
|
Term
| Syptoms of panic disorder |
|
Definition
difficulty breathing
heart palapitations
dizziness
trembling
terror
feelings of impending doom
there is no specific trigger |
|
|
Term
T/F
Panic attacks can occur at any time, even during sleep |
|
Definition
true
they generally peak within 10 minutes, then after this you get control of youself again |
|
|
Term
T/F
Every person who has panic attacks will develop panic disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having more than one disorder at the same time |
|
|
Term
| What other mental disorders are seen alot with panic disorders? |
|
Definition
depression
they don't understand what is happening to them
substance abuse
because they are self medicating |
|
|
Term
| Why might a person with panic attacks restrict normal activities? |
|
Definition
don't go in elevators because you had one there
scared of being in a crowd, so you don't go in one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense, irrational, fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
|
|
Term
| According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorers, there are three main categories of phobias: |
|
Definition
agoraphobias
simple phobias (specific phobias)
social phobias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear of public places; may be related to a series of panic attacks |
|
|
Term
| Are people who have agoraphobia scared of social interactions with people one on one? |
|
Definition
| no - crowds and public places |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific fears; heights, closed spacies, disease, death, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive self-consciousness, fear of publi scrutiny or humiliation in common social situation, and fear of negative evaluation by others; crippling shyness; afraid of people |
|
|
Term
| Characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoguths (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions) |
|
Definition
| obsessive compulsive disorder |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Performing the compulsions provides only temporary relief, and not preforming them increases anxiety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For something to be considered OCD what requirements must it meet? |
|
Definition
compulsions consume at least 1 hour per day
cause significant distress
interfere with normal activities |
|
|
Term
| Affects people who have survived earthquakes, airplan crashes, terrorist bombings, inncer-city violence, domestic abuse, rape, war, genocide, and other traumas |
|
Definition
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD) |
|
|
Term
| PTSD usually appears within 3 months of the trauma, but sometimes the disorder appears later. PTSD's symptoms fall into 3 categories: |
|
Definition
intrusion
avoidace
hyperarousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memories of truama reoccur unexpectedly; flashbacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often avoids close emotional ties with family, colleagues, and friends; reminders of the event; or have suvivor's guilt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts as if constantly by trauma; waiting for the next bad thing to happen to them; startled easily |
|
|
Term
| When trying to explain eating disorders, there is a learning perspective, what is included in this perspective? |
|
Definition
fear conditioning
observational learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
We can become anxious when exposed to unpredicatble, uncontrollable negativ events
we can also then generalize that fear and anxiety to anything related to the native events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we can also learn fear from the behavior of others, espcially parents |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of observaional learning? |
|
Definition
| mom screamed everything she saw a roach, now you are scared of them |
|
|
Term
| When explaining anxiety disorders with the biological perspective, what is included? |
|
Definition
Natural Selection (AKA Biopreparedness)
genes
the brain |
|
|
Term
| Natural Selection (AKA Biopreparedness) |
|
Definition
| it is easier to make someone fear something that our ancestors had to fear - like snakes, spiders, the dark |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
some people may be genetically predisposed to experiencing high levels of anxiety. This predisposition can interact with experiences to produce disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memeories, thoughts, and feelings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for dissociative identity disorder? |
|
Definition
| Multiple Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| What is dissociative identity disorder? |
|
Definition
| presence of two or more distinct persoanlty systems in the same individual at different times |
|
|
Term
| Why do children form dissociative identity disorder? |
|
Definition
| when faced with overhelming trauma, helps them cope with things like physical and sexual abuse |
|
|
Term
| What evidence is there to support that dissociative identity disorder really exists? |
|
Definition
| in patients one of their personalities was nearsighted and needed glasses, where other personalities didn't |
|
|
Term
| We are seeing dissociative identity disorder more in these generations, why could this be? |
|
Definition
| it has been suggested that hte therapy process itself makes this disorder |
|
|
Term
| Inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning. These are parts of your personality that doesn't make sense |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antisocial personality disorder AKA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is antisocial personality disorder characterized by? |
|
Definition
| lack of consciousness - not all of them are serial killers, just unpleasant people |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of anti-social personality disorder? |
|
Definition
breaks the law repeatedly
lie
steal
fight with other people and dont care
disreguard their own safety and the safety of others
most recognizeable: lack of any guilt |
|
|
Term
T/F
The cause of antisocial personality disorder is unknown |
|
Definition
true
but child abuse and genetic factors are beleived to contribute to the development of this condition |
|
|
Term
| Who is most likely to have anti-social personality disorder? |
|
Definition
people with antisocial or alcoholic parents
women more than men
prison populations |
|
|
Term
| What are ths signs in children who may develop antisocial personality disorder? |
|
Definition
cruelty to animals
fire setting
bed wetting |
|
|
Term
| What kidn of disorder is characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
| Symtoms of Major Depressive Disorder |
|
Definition
sad mood
anhedonia
change in appetite or weight
difficulty sleping or oversleeping
physical slowing or agitation
energy loss
feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
difficulty thinking or concentrating
recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lost of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed
dont want to see your friends, dont care about your hobbies, etc |
|
|
Term
| To get a diagnosis of major depressive disorde how many symptoms must a person have? |
|
Definition
5 or more
and they must have impairment in usualy functioning nearly every day during the same 2-week period |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when someone has a chronic, but less severe form of depression where depressed mood perdidts for at least 2 years (1 year in children) that is accompanied by at leat 2 other symptoms of depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
A lot of the time dysthymic disorder will turn into major depressive disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to suffer from depression, men or women? |
|
Definition
women (2X)
gender roles
men don't report it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| mood disorder where the person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a hyperactive, widly optimistic state
can lead you to make bad decisions |
|
|
Term
| When is a manic episode diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| if elevated mood occurs with three or more of the other symptoms most of the day, nearly everyday, for 1 week or longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less serious form of bipolar disorder; mild to moderate level of mania |
|
|
Term
| What does the biological perspective include when explaining mood disorders? |
|
Definition
genetic influences
the depressed brain |
|
|
Term
| According to the biological perspective, mood disorders often run in families, but can we say that genes have everything to do with it? |
|
Definition
| no, becuase you not only share genes with your family, but you share an enviroment with them too |
|
|
Term
| Is there a depression gene or several genes that all contribute a small amount to the development of a mood disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitters probablly have soemthing to do with mood disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases arousal, boosts mood |
|
|
Term
| When someone is depressed their levels of Norepinephrine are ___________ and when they are manic the levels are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Norepinephrine cause mood disorders? |
|
Definition
| not sure, could be that mood disorders cause the changes in the levels of Norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in regualted of mood |
|
|
Term
| When someone is depressed their levels of serotonin are ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the brain more or less active during depression? mania? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the social cognitive perspective of mood disorders? |
|
Definition
| the idea that any disorder is a result of several different factors - biological predisposition, negative thoughts, and enviromental factors |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't every person who experiences bad things get depressed? |
|
Definition
| becuase the way depressed peoeple think is different |
|
|
Term
| How do people who get depressed think of bad situations? |
|
Definition
stable - the bad thing will last forever
Global - not going to ruin just one part of my life, but all of it
Internalize - it is all my fault |
|
|
Term
A group of psychotic disorders invovling major disturbances in perception, language, thought, emotion, and behavior
indivuals withdraw from people and reality, see the world as scary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Schizophrenia is the most chronic and disabling of the severe mental illnesses. Approximately 1 percent of the population develops Schizophrenia during their life - more than 2 million Americans suffer from it in a given year |
|
Definition
It is often really scary - hear voices, think people are plotting against you, etc
Very few people ever stop having the disorder
Men and women have it equally as much |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
perceptual symptoms
language and thought disturbances
emotional disturbances
behavioral disturbances |
|
|
Term
| What are perceptual symptoms? |
|
Definition
filtering and selection processes that allow most people to concetrate on whatever they choose
their system is impaired so the sensory stimulation is jumbled and distorted
their filter is distorted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus
smell and hear things that aren't there |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of hallucination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are most schizphrenics violent and hurt others? |
|
Definition
| no - more often they prefer to be alone |
|
|
Term
| If schizophrenics are violent and do hurt someone who do they hurt? |
|
Definition
| targeted at family members and friends - more often takes place at home |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Less than 10% of than 1% are violent and if they are it is usually towards their own family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are language and thought dstrubances? |
|
Definition
| words lose their usual meaning, logic is impaired, and thoughts may be disorganized or just bizarre |
|
|
Term
| A jumble of extremely incoherent speech |
|
Definition
word salad
they are using real words, but they are used in their right context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up words; completely new words |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common thought disturbances in Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mistake beleifes maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary
they are not explained by a person's usual cultural concepts |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of delusions? |
|
Definition
paranoid delusions
delusions of grandeur
delusions of reference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| false and irrational beleif that people are out to get you - that you are being cheated, harassed, poisioned, or conspired against |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beleive that you are more importnat person than you really are - a fmous person or important figure (Jesus, king of the world, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
person give unrelated events special meaning
the next three songs on the radio have a message for me |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ranges from exaggerated emotions to blunted or flat affect - emotional responses can also be inappropriate |
|
|
Term
| Why are the emotional emotions the hardest for the family of a person with Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| it is hard to remember that it is the illness that it is making them act this way (if you tell them that their mom just died, they might not even have a reaction) |
|
|
Term
| What are beahvioral distrubances? |
|
Definition
| unusual actions that may have special meanng - tics, pacing, rocking |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Some behavioral disturbacnes are the result of anti-psychotic medications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of beahvioral distrubances? |
|
Definition
tardive dyskinesia
cataleptic
waxy flexibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saw this with the older anti-psychotics
repeptitive, involuntary, purposeless movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased or no reponse to external stimuli; muscular rigitidy (very hard to move your arms and legs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person's limbs will remain frozen in a particular position if they are moved my someone else (they can put them in a position of an action figure) |
|
|
Term
| Is there a signle cause for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| no - for any one person it is going to be a combination of many factors (genetic, enviroment, behavior) |
|
|
Term
| What brain abnormalities are associated with Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
dopamine overactivity - 6 times the normal amount of dopamine receptors pointing to a lot of dopamine acitivity
abnormal brain activity and anatomy - enlargement of ventricles and decreased sized of certain brain regions
decreased metabolic activity runs in families |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
It has been long known that Schizophrenia runs in families. Twin studies and parents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of psychotherapy? |
|
Definition
psychoanalysis
humanistic therapies
beahvior therapies
cognitive therapies
group, family, and couples therapy
biomedical therapies |
|
|
Term
| Seeks to help clients gain insight into their problems by recognizing and understanding their unconscious thoughts and emotions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five treatments used in psychoanalysis to make the unconscious conscious? |
|
Definition
free association
dream analysis
analyzing resistance
analyzing transference
interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reporting whatever comes to mind without censoring it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ego does nt defend well against urges of unconscious during sleep, so we should look at dreams and what they mean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediate and conscious content of dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "true" meaning of the dream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stage in psychoanalysis when the patient avoids the analyst's attempts to bring threatening unconscious material into conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The very fact that you are trying to resist talking about something shows that it is important - why don't you want to talk about your mother |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient may displace unconscious feelings about a significant person in her life onto the therapist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychoanalyst's explanation of a pateint's free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference; more generally, any statement by a therapist that presents a patient's problems in a new way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modern form of psychoanalysis that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces |
|
|
Term
| What is difference between psychoanaylsis and psychodynamic therapy? |
|
Definition
psychodynamic therapy:
-treatment is briefer (like to get you out of therapy)
-client and therapist are face to face
-less emphasis on unconscious past, more interested in today
-more directive (therapist leads the session) |
|
|
Term
| This form of therapy assumes that people with problems are blocked in some way from reaching their full potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of humanistic therapy? |
|
Definition
| to maxamize personal growth by adjusting the client's emotional reactions |
|
|
Term
| What does the humanistic therapy focus on? |
|
Definition
present rather than past
conscious rather than unconscious - spend time on things you control
taking responsibilty for your actions - rather than searching for past reasons
promoting growth instead of curingi illness (use the word client vs. patient)
discover how to be a better person |
|
|
Term
| What is Carl Rogers' Client-Centered Therapy? |
|
Definition
| allows the client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgement, or interpreation from the therapist |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main aspects to client-centered therapy? |
|
Definition
Empathy
Unconditional postive regard
genuineness
active listening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appreciate and udnerstand how the world looks from the client's point of view |
|
|
Term
| Unconditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| attitude that conveys a caring for, and acceptance of, the client as a valued person - don't have to agree, but still value them or they won't open up to you |
|
|
Term
| Genuineness (AKA authenticity) |
|
Definition
| the client needs to become aware of and able to share one's true feelings and thoughts, not just what the therapist wants to hear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empathetic listening in whic the listening echoes, restates, and claifies; concentrating on the content of what they are saying |
|
|
Term
| Type of psychotherapy that uses learning principles to change behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or in actutality) to the things they fear and avoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of exposure therapies? |
|
Definition
systemic desensitization
virtual reality exposure therapy
aversive conditioning
operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Clients visuzlize a graduated series of anxeity-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the three step process of systemic desensitization? |
|
Definition
client is taught to maintain a deep state of relaxation
ranked listing of about 10 anxiety-arousing images relate to the fear
relaxed cleitn starts at the bottom of ranked list and gradually works their way to the top |
|
|
Term
| Progressivley exposes people to stimulation of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
|
Definition
| virtual reality exposure therapy |
|
|
Term
| Associated an unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted beahvior (drinking alcohol) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modify behavior by rewarding the desired beahviors and withholding rewards or punishing unwanted beahviors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oeprant conditioing procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired beahvior and can later exchange the tokens for vairous priviledges or treats |
|
|
Term
| Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that the thoughts intervene between events and our emotioanl reactions |
|
Definition
cognitive therapies
confronted with a bad event - change the way you feel about it |
|
|
Term
| What are the two therapies of cognitive therapies? |
|
Definition
beck's cognitive therapy
congnitive-behavior therapy |
|
|
Term
| Beck's Congintive Therapy |
|
Definition
| concentrated maining on anxiety and depression caused by false beliefs and thoughts that minimize personal achievement |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of several unrelated clients under the guidance of a therapist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Advantages to group therapy |
|
Definition
see how clients interact with one another
clients realize that others hav same problems
can boost self-confidence and self-acceptance of cleints
clients learn from each other
makes them more willing to share feelings
can try out new skills in a warm and supporting enviroment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treats the family as a social system
usually end up in therapy becuase of one person but that problem affects them all
tries to improve relationships and communication |
|
|
Term
| Focuses on improving communication between partners |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
People from other cultures need their beliefs and cultural stuff to be known by their therapist for their therapy to be successful - they will feel close to them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Study of effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs that relize the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder - some cause a calming effect, where others have an energizing effect |
|
Definition
| neuroleptics (AKA antipsychotics) |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Mnay of the older neuroleptics caused severe side effects, inclduing Tardivde dyskinesia - which led to noncompliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of the new neuroletpics? |
|
Definition
| increased risk of obesity and diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Mild tranquilizers that lower the activity of the central nervous system allowing patients to feel calmer and less anxious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Problems with antianxiety drugs |
|
Definition
they don't treat the unerlying problem that leads to anxiety
users can become psychologically and physically dependent |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Antianxiety drugs are best used in the short term - a couple of months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs that relieve depression and anxiety disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of antidepressants? |
|
Definition
tricyclics
monoamin oxidase inhibitors
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
atypical antidepressants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
act on multiple neurochemical pathways in the brain
not used that often anymore |
|
|
Term
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) |
|
Definition
block the action of the enzyme that breaks sown serotonin and other neurotransmitters (stops breaking down serotonin)
have to be very careful about what you eat because it can be toxic |
|
|
Term
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRI |
|
Definition
| affect only serotonin levels - stay in the synaptic cleft longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| miscellaneious group of drugs used when people fail to respons to other types of antidepressants, or who experience side effects from them |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Antidepressants may in the short term increase the risk of suicide in young users |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mood Stabilizing Medications |
|
Definition
| used to stabilize mood swings associated with bipolar disorder |
|
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Term
| The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| principles used to judge the causes of events, and out own and others' behavior |
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Term
| What does the attribution theory suggest? |
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Definition
| suggests how we explian someone else's beahvior - by crediting either the situaion or the person's dispostion |
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Term
| What is dispositional attribution? |
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Definition
| decide cause of a person's behavior is something about him or her as a person |
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Term
| What is situational attribution? |
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Definition
| you decide the case of person's behavior was something about the situation that they were in, not necessarily the person they are |
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Term
| When someone cuts you off in traffic, if you immediately think that the person is a bad drive, what kind of attribution are you using? If you immediately think that they are late for work or something not bad about them, what kind of attribution are you using? |
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Definition
disposition - dont feel good about the person
situational - more neutral view of the person |
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Term
| Do people favor making dispositional or situational attributions? |
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Definition
| dispositional - the pervasive teory most of us have about human behavior is that people do what they do because of the kind of people they are, not because of the situation they are in |
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Term
| People use dispotional attributions so much that social psychologist Lee Ross called it the fundamental attribution error, which is: |
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Definition
| misjuding causes of other's behavior |
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Term
| Do people overestimate or underestimate internal personal factors when deciding what caused a person to do what they did? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do we overestimate or underestimate the external situational influences when deciding what caused a person to do what they did? |
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Definition
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Term
NOTE:
Even when a situational constraint on behavior is obvious, people persist in making internal attributions |
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Definition
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Term
| If we don't know th situation that a person is on, we can't use that info to help us understand their beahvior. Give an example of this |
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Definition
maybe someone was mean to you because they flunked their test earlier
even if you did know that she flunked the exam, you don't know how she interprets that info |
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Term
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Definition
the situation is practically invisible to us, but the person is obvious, they are what we can easily percieve with our senses
the person is obvious and the situation isn't - this leads us to think they are the sole cuase of their beahvior |
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Term
| Is the fundamental attribution error more likely to occur in individualistic or collectivistic cultures? |
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Definition
| more likely to occur in individualistic becuase we put importance on the individual, we tend to think that you have more cotnrol over youself than you actually do |
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Term
NOTE:
Even though we may think of outselves as individuals, we often act as we do in part because of our knowledge of how other people have behaved |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting one's behavioror thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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Term
| Rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attiudes and behaviors |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of social norms? |
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Definition
injunctive norms
descriptive norms
explicit norms
implicit norms |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors percieved as being approved of by other people (things that you are supposed to do) |
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Term
| Give an example of an injuctive norm? |
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Definition
| expect monogamy in marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| how other people are actually behaving - there are rules and then there is the actual behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of explicit norms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not openly stated, just learn it by being around others |
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Term
| Give example of implicit norm |
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Definition
| when you are at the urinal, you don't talk to the person next to you |
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Term
| In the experiment testing conformitiy with the line sizes, how many of the experimentees went along with the confederates even though it was clearly wrong? |
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Definition
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Term
| Normative Social Influence |
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Definition
| desired to be liked or accepted by other people - do what other people do so you will be liked |
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Term
| Why do we have the normative social influence? |
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Definition
| evolutionary aspect - need the group to survive |
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Term
| Informational social influence |
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Definition
| using other person as guideline for what we should do |
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Term
| Give an example of informational social influence |
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Definition
| you are sitting in the quad and 150 people run away screaming, you get up and run away too -- on the off chance that it is something meaningful we are going to follow them |
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Term
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Definition
| people we want to conform to because we like and admire them and want to be like them |
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Definition
| changing behavior to seperate ourselves from people we dislike |
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Term
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Definition
| following direct commands, usually from an authority figure |
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