-system of communication that includes symbols, words, gestures

-function= transmission of info

-Smallest unit of speech that are meaningful in a language

-ex: unbreakable- 3 morphemes

-The way words combine to form sentences

Pragmatics 

(extralinguistic factors)

-Dealing or concerned with facts or actual occurrences

-being practical

-Mistakes in pronunciation

-Common in early language 

-Result of production contraints

Holophrases

(telegraphic speech)

-A single word conveys a whole thought

-Visual form of communication

-Deaf babies babble with their hands

-Has it's own phonemes, syntax, extralinguistic info

-Better at dealing with distractions

-Bilingual children experience some delay in each of their languages

-people who are bilingual have heightened metalinguistic insight

-A time period when individuals must learn an ability if they are going to learn it at all

-Syntax and pronunciation are more vulnerable to the effects of age exposure than vocab

-Ability to do things without realizing

-Walking, riding a bike, speaking

-Demonstrates that reading is automatic

-Words vs color

-Schema influences interpretation of data

-man or rat picture

-Inability to match meanings of words to sound

-Can't pronounce words correctly

-Organized knowledge of situations and experiences

-Going to a restaurant

-Groups of objects, characteristics, and actions that share core properties

-ex: fruit, dancing, purple

-Children come into the world knowing how learning works

-Know how sentences are constructed

-Chomsky

Social Pragmatics Account of Word Learning

-Phonemes

-Morphemes

-Syntax

-Extralinguistic Factors

- (Jean Piaget's) 

-Innate 

-Learned

-ex: reading and writing

-(autistic Kids) incredible ability

-Steven Wilshire- photographic memory

-Derek Pavoraccini- perfect musical memory

-Problem solving, learning, and pattern recognition

-DECLINES WITH AGE

-Predominant in individuals with autism

-Ability to use skill, knowledge, and experience

-Relies on accessing information from long-term memory

-"Street smart"

-Ability to solve real world problems

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

-A numerical representation of intelligence

-Mental age/chronological age x 100

-Average IQ = 100

-Average performance on the IQ test

-Increases progressively throughout childhood but levels out at age 16

Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Scale

WAIS-R

-Design to test mental abilities of adults 

-Verbal IQ score- crystalized

-Performance (non-verbal)- fluid

Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)

-Onset prior to adulthood (A delay)

-IQ below 70

-Inadequate adaptive functioning

-Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome

-Sensory capacity and intelligence are innate

-Abstract reasoning

-Adapt to novel environment circumstances

-Acquired knowledge 

-Benefits from experience

Sex differences in Specific Mental Abilities

-Men have slightly higher IQ's than women

-Women do better on verbal tasks and arithmetic calculations

-men do better on spatial ability tasks (mental rotation)

-Study of how behavior changes over time

-nature vs nurture

Cross-sectional Design

-Researchers examine people in different age groups at a single point in time

-"Snapshot" of each person 

-Track development of same group of subjects OVER TIME

-changes over time- consequence of growing older

-twins= able to control for cohort effect

-First 3 years are most influential than later experiences in terms of shaping us

-Experience shapes us throughout development

-when mother drinks embryo is affected during pregnancy

-ex of teratogen

-Chromosomal disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

-genetic disruption of fetal development

-Automatic response to oral stimulation

-Baby sucks on anything near it's mouth

Rooting Reflex

-Eating

-Baby turns head when someone touches their cheek

-Baby looks when it is hungry

-Absorbing new experiences into current knowledge

-Underlying cognitive skills and world views remain unchanged (Piaget's)

-Automatic mimicking of close objects/things early in development

-common in animals

Kholberg's scheme of moral Devleopment

-scored only reasoning processes

-moral dilemmas don't have a right or wrong answer

-Heinz and the drug

-Sensorimotor stage- using senses and motor skills (0-2)

-preoperational stage- language and ability to perform operations (2-6)

-Concrete operational stage- performs conservation tasks and organization tasks (7-11)

Formal Operation stage- hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now 

4 Attachment styles

-Secure attachment- infant uses mom as secure base- upset when mom leaves- greets her on return

-Insecure-avoidant attachment- little reaction when mom leaves/returns

-Insecure-anxious attachment- anxious when mom leaves and mixed emotions when return

-Disorganized attachment- inconsistant and confused

-Permissive- lenient and discipline sparingly 

-Authoritarian- strict, little affection

-Authoritative- lowest level of behavior problems

-uninvolved- neglectful