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Definition
| marked decrease in reading names of color when color of font is different. example of automatization |
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| sensory neurons in the basilar membranes fire as groups, which allows us to differentiate sounds based on the patterns. |
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Definition
we differentiate sounds based on the location of the vibrations in the basilar membrane. Stimulation of hair cells on one end leads to high tone, on other leads to low tone.
*This would mean we can't hear the lowest frequencies that we know we can, so there must be other places we can differentiate sounds other than basilar membrane |
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| receptor transmits excitation to the brain and also sends signal sideways, inhibiting activity of that cell. |
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| the charting of physical stimuli with psychological experiences |
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| the smallest stimulus change that the observer can detect |
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| the stimulus change noticed in the smallest amount |
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| nervous system is geared towards percentage differences, not absolute. Change of intensity to produce JND/instensity of standard stimulus = constant |
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| strength of sensation grows as logarithm of stimulus intensity. |
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| law of propose relationship between physical stimulus and perceived intensity that supersedes Fechner-Weber's law because it describes a wider range of sensations |
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Definition
| method used by Stevens. Subject given standard and a number corresponding to that standard called the modulus. Subjects report their perceived intensity relative to the standard. |
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| subject alters magnitude of one physical quantity so its perceived intensity matches that of another type of quantity |
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| two systems - rods and cones |
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| sensitive, low acuity,monochromatic |
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| high threshold, high acuity, color |
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| Three dimensions of color |
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Definition
Hue - distinguishes blue from green from red
Brightness - differentiates black from white with shades of grey in between
Saturation - purity of color |
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Definition
| stimulation by red light highly activates long-preferring receptors, weakly other two. blue light strongly activates short-preferring receptors. green light medium |
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Bottom-Up: responding to physical energy in the outside world
Top-Down: context/memory expectations |
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Term
| Nativism vs. Empiricism . |
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Definition
Nativism: generally bottom-up theories of perception. Humans born with all their perception processes ready to be used
Empiricism: generally top-down theories of perception. Perceptual abilities have to be learned |
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Term
| Distal and proximal stimulus |
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Definition
| Given 3 jars, had to fill up certain amount using different numbers. Showed that people stick to same method repeatedly, showing how mental sets can hinder solving problems. |
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| Similar to Luchin's effect. Participants fixate on function of object and cannot solve problem because of it. |
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Definition
| General Problem Solver - incorps. means-end-analysis,moving from start to goal of problem by choosing moves that bring you closer, thinking about applicability to current problem and adjusting with subgoaling |
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Term
| Why do we need heuristics? |
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Definition
Many problems too complex to figure out just by using trial-and -error.
Incubation - leaving room, leaving problem
Fractionation - breaking problem into smaller parts |
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Definition
| building up lots of chunks in long term memory and using good representations (like in chess) |
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| incoming info-- attention -- sensory storage -- STM -- encoding, retrieval --- LTM |
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| created nonsense syllables, learned lists until he reached perfect recall. results showed that spaced practice reduces amount of forgotten info |
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| type of short term visual memory discovered by Sperling. found that sensory store in vision lasts one second, produces evidence for backward masking : if picture shown in same spot as previous picture, it over-writes the previous image. |
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Term
| George Miller and Baddely and Chase |
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Definition
7+/- 2 effect - can remember 7 characters, unless you chunk, which helps remember more.
Baddely argued that more digits held if shorter names so that subject could go thru whole list quickly before the stuff is forgotten (articulatory loop)
Chase at CMU got runner to remember 86 digits by relating them to running times, which were chunking and retrieval fixtures which allow info to go into LTM |
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Term
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Definition
high info, limited time for sensory
STM less storage capacity but no time limitation |
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Term
| How material is "lost" from STM |
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Definition
Peterson and Peterson - decay by preventing rehearsal, but could really be interference (i.e. counting backwards)
Waugh and Norman - had to remember 2 digits with different digits surrounding them, strongly supports interference
Sternberg experiment - store STM serially (increase in reaction when set size increases) and exhaustively (equal time for pos. and negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| working memory, activated in LTM |
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Term
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Definition
| articulatory loop, elaborative rehearsal, spaced practicing, organize info, encoding |
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