Term
| developmental psychology? |
|
Definition
| studies physical, cognitive, & social change throughout the life span |
|
|
Term
| 3 major issues of development? |
|
Definition
Nature/nurture-genes vs. environment
Continuity/stages-gradual process or sequences in development
Stability/change-do personality traits persist through life or do we change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilized egg, enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division & develops into an embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to the 2nd month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception til birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals & viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetal alcohol syndrome-physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by mothers who drink heavily.(noticable facial mispropotions) |
|
|
Term
| what's the rooting reflex? |
|
Definition
| baby's tendency to open the mouth & search for the nipple, when touched on the cheek |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience |
|
|
Term
| Maturation & infant memory? |
|
Definition
| lack of neural connections helps explain why our earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday |
|
|
Term
| What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? |
|
Definition
*Sensormotor-experiencing the world through senses & actions(looking, hearing, touching, grasping, mouthing)
-Birth to nearly 2 years
-Object permanence, Stranger anxiety
*Preoperational-representing things w/ words & images but lacking logical reasoning-about 2-6 years -pretend play,
egocentrism, language development
*Concrete operational-thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies & performing arithmetical operations
-about 7-11 years -abstract logic, mathematical transformations
*Formal operational-abstract reasoning
-about 12 through adulthood
-abstract logic, potential for matur moral reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concept or framework that organizes & interprets info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, & remembering |
|
|
Term
| What's object permanence? |
|
Definition
| awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
principle that properties such as mass, volume, & # remian the same despite changes in the forms of objects
(Piaget believed this as concrete operational resoning) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's pt of view |
|
|
Term
| what's the theory of mind? |
|
Definition
| people's ideas about their own & other's mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, & thoughts & the behavior these might predict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months of age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional tie w/ another perosn; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver & showing distress on separation |
|
|
Term
| what's the critical period? |
|
Definition
| optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development(baby & mother bonding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
|
|
Term
| what's the effects of attachment? |
|
Definition
-the unloved often becomes unloving
-lay foundation for our adult relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense that the world is predictable & trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers(Erik Erikson) |
|
|
Term
| what's are the child-rearing practices? |
|
Definition
| Authoritarian, Permissive, & Authoritative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parents impose rules & expect obedience
(Do keep your room clean. Why? b/c i said so) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands, & use little punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents are both demanding & responsive. they exert control not only by setting rules & enforcing them but also explaining the reasons & encouraging open discussions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first menstrual period |
|
|
Term
| who studied the theories of moral development? |
|
Definition
Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan |
|
|
Term
| what did Kohlberg suggest? |
|
Definition
3 stages of moral development:
1. Premoral(preconventional)-young child does not understand morality. they obey to avoid punishment or get rewards
2. Conventional-common after age 11. based on societies rules & what others think of them(many stay at this level)
3. Principled/Postconventional-moral judgements made on ind. ethnical principles not on others. Don't worry about punishments(Martin Luther King Jr) |
|
|
Term
| what are Carol Gilligans morality development steps? |
|
Definition
Was tested mainly on females
1. Morality as ind. survival-aviod punishment & get rewards
2. Morality as self-sacrifice-become aware of other peoples needs to be approved we must sacrifice own needs so others can be met
3. Morality as equality-needs of self & others are equal; when possible everyone's needs should be met.
*nonviolence & advocacy-no one including self should be intentional hurt. |
|
|
Term
| What are Erikson's stages of development? |
|
Definition
*Infancy(0-1 yr) Trust vs. Mistract(Good care vs. abuse)-Hope
*Toddlerhood(1-3 yrs) Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt(learning to exercise one's will vs. trouble learning this)-Will
*Preschooler(3-5 yrs) Initiative vs. Guilt(plans out tasks vs. can't live up to mom & dads expectations)-Purpose
*Elementary School(5-11 yrs) Industry vs inferiority(balancing responsibilities of school & home vs. not being able to)-Competence
*Adolescene(11-18 yrs) Indentity vs. role confusion(gains sense of who they are vs. remains confused about role in life)-Fidelity(loyalty)
*Young Adulthood(18-40 yrs) Intimacy vs. isolation (learns to connect to others, loving, commited relationships vs. becomes isolated not capable of love, commitement)-Love
*Middle Adulthood(40-65 yrs) Generativity vs. Stagnation(finding meaning in act. what to give back vs. what's the pt of life)-Care
*Late Adulthood(65+ yrs) Integrity vs. Despair (acceptace of one's life, seeing meaning in life vs. regreats about ones life)-Wisdom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive & irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, & physical features |
|
|
Term
| what's cross-sectional study? |
|
Definition
| study in which people of diff ages are compared w/ one another |
|
|
Term
| what's longitudinal study? |
|
Definition
| research which same people studied over long period |
|
|
Term
| what are the adulthood commitments? |
|
Definition
| Intimacy(forming close relationships) & generativity(being productive & supporting future generations) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system received & represent stimulus energies from our environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of organizing & interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events |
|
|
Term
| what's bottom-up & top-down processing? |
|
Definition
b-u: analysis that begins w/ sense receptors & works up to the brains integration of sensory info
t-d: info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences & expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of relationships btwn physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, & our psychological experience of them |
|
|
Term
| what's absolute threshold? |
|
Definition
| minimun stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
| what's difference threshold? |
|
Definition
| minimum diff. that a person can detect btwn two stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % |
|
|
Term
| what's sensory adaptation? |
|
Definition
| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, green, & so forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus the image of near objects on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods & cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinal receptors that detect black, white & gray, necessary for peripheral & twillight vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina & function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. cones detect fine detail & color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pt @ which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot bc no receptor cells are located there |
|
|
Term
| what are feature detectors? |
|
Definition
| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
|
|
Term
| what is parallel processing? |
|
Definition
| processing of several aspects of a problem simulaneously; the brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions, including vision |
|
|
Term
| what's Young-Helmholtz trichromatic(three-color) theory? |
|
Definition
| theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color |
|
|
Term
| what's the opponent-process theory? |
|
Definition
| theory that opposing retinal processes(red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. some cells are stimulated by green & inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red & inhibited by green |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses, as when we perceive voices in films as coming from the screen we see rather than from the projector behind us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the # of complete wavelengths that pass a pt in a given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chamber btwn the eardrum & cochlea containing 3 tiny bones(hammer, anvil, & stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semilunar canals, & vestibular sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves tigger nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
| what's the gate-control theory? |
|
Definition
| theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers & is closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming from the brain |
|
|
Term
| what's sensory interaction? |
|
Definition
| principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sense of body movement & position, including the sense of balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes |
|
|
Term
| what's figure-ground perception? |
|
Definition
| organization of the visual field into objects(the field) that stand out from their surroundings(the ground) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to see objects in 3-D although images strike the reina are 2-D; allows us to judge distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants & young animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depth cues, such as retinal disparity & convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance cues, such as linear perspective & overlap, available to either eye alone |
|
|
Term
| what's retinal disparity? |
|
Definition
| a binocular cue for perceiving depth: the greater the disparity(diff)btwn the two images the retina receives of an object, the closer the object is to the viewer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking @ an object |
|
|
Term
| what's perceptual constancy? |
|
Definition
| perceiving objects as unchanging(having consistent lightness, color, shape, & size) even as illumination & retinal images change |
|
|
Term
| what is perceptual adaptation? |
|
Definition
| in vision, the ability to adjust to an artifically displaced or even inverted visual field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another |
|
|
Term
| what's extransensory perception(ESP)? |
|
Definition
| the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, & precognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP & psychokinesis |
|
|
Term
| What's social psychology? |
|
Definition
| scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another |
|
|
Term
| what's attribution theory? |
|
Definition
| theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
|
|
Term
| what's the fundamental attribution error? |
|
Definition
| tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation & to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief & feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people & events |
|
|
Term
| What's foot-in-the-door phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| tendency for people who have 1st agreed to a small request to comply later w/ a larger request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
|
|
Term
| what's cognitive dissonance theory? |
|
Definition
| the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent for example, when our awareness of our attitudes & of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes |
|
|
Term
| what's normative social influence? |
|
Definition
| influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or aviod disapproval |
|
|
Term
| what's informational social influence? |
|
Definition
| influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
|
|
Term
| what's social facilitation? |
|
Definition
| improved perfomance of tasks in the presense of others; occurs w/ simple or welll-learned tasks but not w/ tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when ind. accountable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of selfawareness & self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal & anonymity |
|
|
Term
| what's group polarization? |
|
Definition
| enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion w/in the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
|
|
Term
| what's self-fulfilling prophecy? |
|
Definition
| occurs when one person's belief about others leads that person to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unjustifiable attitude toward a group & its members. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelins, & a predisposition to discriminatory action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized belief about a group of people |
|
|
Term
| what makes you prejudice? |
|
Definition
Social learning-learn through observations
Realistic Conflict-competing for resources
Us vs. Them-dividing world into two groups. Group your in and everyone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he tested Us vs. them. divided boys into towo groups(rattlers & eagles) and had them compete & caused prejudice between them |
|
|
Term
| what did Milgram's study do? |
|
Definition
| had one person be a student and the other a teacher. teacher asked ?'s, and when student got them wrong shocked them. tested whether or not they would listen to them to shock them, even when student would scream in pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Us"-people w/ whom one shares a common identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Them"-those perceived as diff or apart from one's ingroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to favor one's own group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
|
|
Term
| what's just-world phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| tendency of people to believe the world is just & that people therefore get what they deserve & deserve what they get |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
|
|
Term
| what's frustation-agression principle? |
|
Definition
| principle that frustration-the blocking an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
|
|
Term
| what's mere exposure effect? |
|
Definition
| phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
|
|
Term
| what's companionate love? |
|
Definition
| the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those w/ whom our lives are intertwined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
|
|
Term
| what's the bystander effect? |
|
Definition
| tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
|
|
Term
| what's social exchanged theory? |
|
Definition
| theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits & minimize costs |
|
|
Term
| what's superordinate goals? |
|
Definition
| shared goals that override differences among people & require their cooperation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
|
|
