Term
| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared (diffused) among those present |
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Definition
| a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases where the individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation where other people are present. e.g. the movie theater example |
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Term
| GAS (General Adaptation Theory) |
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Definition
| Theory developed by Seyle that suggests that a persons response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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Definition
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
| branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes |
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Definition
| branch of psychology that studies the higher mental processes |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology examines how people grow and change from the moment of contraception through death |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that focuses on the consistency in peoples behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that studies how peoples thoughts, feelings and actions are effected by others |
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Term
| cross-cultural psychology |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups |
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Definition
| Behavioral psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and alteration of people's behaviors, including their actions, emotions and thoughts. |
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Definition
| a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism and stressed the importance of personal choice and responsibility. |
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Definition
| The study of the relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition on the one hand, and brain function on the other |
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Definition
A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
There are four tents of existentialism:
1. Alone 2. All things end 3. Respnsibility 4. randomness |
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Term
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Definition
| a debate within psychology that explores the extent to which specific aspects of behavior are inherited or learned as a result of environmental influences. |
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Term
| free will vs. determinism |
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Definition
| the debate between those who believe that external or internal factors acting upon the individual determine behavior (determinism), and those that believe individuals respond actively to the outside world (free will). |
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Term
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Definition
| German psychologist. Considered the father of modern psychology. Founded the first formal laboratory for psychology at the University of Leipzig. Founded the first journal for psychological research in 1881. Created structuralism. |
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Term
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Definition
| He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and on the philosophy of pragmatism. Looked at results of how people react, and how behavior functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A school of psychology that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. Originating in the work of Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychology formed partially as a response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt. |
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Definition
| German-American psychologist. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views, particularly his theory of sexuality, as well as the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis and its genetic psychology. As such, she is often classified as Neo-Freudian. |
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Definition
| the founder of child psychoanalysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal with the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding behavior and other phenomenons. Three basic steps include: 1. Identify a question 2. Develop an explanation 3. Conduct research |
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Term
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Definition
| Using existing data to test a hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Observation of naturally according behavior without intervention, e.g. Jane from Tarzan observing the apes |
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Term
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Definition
| When a sample of people are asked. e.g. Kinzie - asked people about their sexuality in order to represent a larger population |
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Term
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Definition
| In depth, intensive investigation |
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Term
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Definition
| relation between two sets of variables is examined to see if they are associated, ranges from +1 to -1; does NOT mean causation |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between two or more variables is investigated |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of development in which a writer analyzes the reasons for--and/or the consequences of--an action, event, or decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| The soma (pl. somata or somas), or perikaryon (pl. perikarya), or cyton, is the bulbous end of a neuron, containing the cell nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| If a neuron fires, an electrical impulse is generated. This impulse starts at the base, called the hillock |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| a monoamine neurotransmitter formed in the brain from the amino acid tyrosine. Dopamine is essential for the healthy functioning of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a monoamine neurotransmitter. It plays a part in the regulation of mood, sleep, learning and constriction of blood vessels (vasoconstriction) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce the sensation of pain and affect emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. Its general action is to mobilize the body's nervous system fight-or-flight response. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Responsible for stimulation of "rest-and-digest" activities that occur when the body is at rest, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity |
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Term
| Endocrine Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
| The main endocrine gland. It is a small structure in the head. It is called the master gland because it produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions including growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothsimuas; regulates emotional and activation regulations. Four F's: feeding, fleeing, fighting, fucking |
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Term
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Definition
| gives the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments |
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Term
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Definition
| Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most rearest lobe of the brain; it is associated with vision |
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Term
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Definition
| Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech |
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Term
| EEG (Electroencephalography) |
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Definition
| The measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain and the recording of such activity as a visual trace (on paper or on an oscilloscope screen) |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter deep inside each cerebral hemisphere, associated with the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| The elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability of the human brain to change as a result of one's experience, that the brain is 'plastic' and 'malleable'. |
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Term
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Definition
| an American railroad construction foreman now remembered for his improbable survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior – effects so profound that friends saw him as "no longer Gage". |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words. |
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Term
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Definition
Tone of voice
Facial expression
Gestures
Posture
Intensity of response |
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Term
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Definition
language
logical
linear
literal |
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Term
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Definition
| A broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| organs that detect light and convert it to electro-chemical impulses in neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light |
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Term
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Definition
| a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| a light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). They do not mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity. |
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Term
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Definition
| active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity. The central fovea is populated exclusively by cones |
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Term
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Definition
| also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small, circular, optically insensitive region in the retina where fibers of the optic nerve emerge from the eyeball. It has no rods or cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. |
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Term
| Processing Visual Information |
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Definition
Cone > Bipolar cell > Ganglion cell
Rod > Bipolar cell > Amacrine cell > Ganglion cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The processing of raw data to assess the presence of a given property. |
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Term
| Trichromatic Theory of color |
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Definition
| Thomas Young proposed that color vision results from the actions of three different receptors. |
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Term
| Opponent-Process Theory of Color |
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Definition
| a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ of hearing and balance in humans and other vertebrates, esp. the external part of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tympanic membrane of the middle ear, which vibrates in response to sound waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between the ear drum and the inner ear. Infection causes acute pain and hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| The semicircular canals and cochlea, which form the organs of balance and hearing and are embedded in the temporal bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or animal's ear |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies |
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Term
| Frequency Theory of Hearing |
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Definition
| The theory that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound |
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Term
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Definition
| The system of fluid-filled canals located in the inner ear that assists in balance, coordination and orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task |
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Term
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Definition
| A physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus; "Weber's law explains why you don't notice your headlights are on in the daytime" |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses |
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Term
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Definition
| a discipline that seeks to investigate the existence and causes of psychic abilities, near-death experiences, and life after death using the scientific method |
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Term
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Definition
| A change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| initially performed by the perceptual system to determine what stimuli go together to form an object. It is guided by figure-ground processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit |
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Term
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Definition
| a Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other tend to be perceived as belonging together as a unit |
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Term
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Definition
| people will visualize according to the simplest way of grouping items e.g. paris in the the spring |
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Term
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Definition
| states that we form perceptions (or focus our attention) by starting with the larger concept or idea (it can even be the concept or idea of an object) and then working our way down to the finer details of that concept or idea |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that we form perceptions that are an exact replication of some objective outside world. |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and the distance of an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, resulting from the eyes' horizontal separation. |
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Term
| monocular cues for depth perception |
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Definition
| involve those cues that exist for a single eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| a depth cue that results from our motion. As we move, objects that are closer to us move farther across our field of view than do objects that are in the distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| An object's smaller size on your retina when it is farther away from you |
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Term
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Definition
| the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away. |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes the tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, colour, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs whenever stimuli presented below the threshold or limen for awareness are found to influence thoughts, feelings, or actions. |
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Term
| ESP (Extrasensory perception) |
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Definition
| involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of humans and other animals to perceive odors |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the traditional five senses. It refers to the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually regarded as a pleasurable sensation, is produced by the presence of sugars, some proteins and a few other substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the taste that detects acidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a taste produced primarily by the presence of sodium ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most sensitive of the tastes, and is perceived by many to be unpleasant, sharp, or disagreeable. |
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Term
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Definition
| an appatitive taste, described as savory or meaty |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell which responds to an environmental stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the faculty by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body (especially the hands) |
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Term
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Definition
| To cause or permit a part of the body, especially the hand or fingers, to come in contact with so as to feel |
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Term
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Definition
| the exertion of force upon a surface by an object, fluid, etc., in contact with it |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles |
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Term
| gate control theory of pain |
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Definition
| both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Your own awarness of what is taking place around you; sensations, thoughts, and feelings experienced |
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Term
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Definition
| the beginning of the sleep cycle, and is a relatively light stage of sleep. can be considered a transition period between wakefulness and sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| the second stage of sleep and lasts for approximately 20 minutes. The brain begins to produce bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles. Body temperature starts to decrease and heart rate begins to slow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep, slow brain waves known as delta waves begin to emerge . a transitional period between light sleep and a very deep sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by eye movement, increased respiration rate and increased brain activity. Most dreaming occours in this stage of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the behavioral or other systemic responses to the introduction of new technologies, or other measures taken to reduce resource use. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the behavioral or other systemic responses to the introduction of new technologies, or other measures taken to reduce resource use. |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual images, thoughts and content contained within the dream. factors we remember upon awakening |
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Term
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Definition
| the hidden psychological meaning of the dream. |
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Term
| dreams for survival theory |
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Definition
| Dreams permit info critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| an endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. |
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Term
| activation synthesis theory |
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Definition
| a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977. The differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep were observed, and the hypothesis proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic medical condition where the affected person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A frightening or unpleasant dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional episode (usually in young children) in which the person awakens in terror with feelings of anxiety and fear but is unable to remember any incident that might have provoked those feelings. |
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Term
| SAD (seasonal affective disorder) |
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Definition
| episodes of depression that occur at a certain time of the year, usually during winter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of pleasant thoughts that distract one's attention from the present. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function. |
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Term
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Definition
| a metal state usually induced by a procedure known as hypnotic induction |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of processes, ecstasy, techniques, modalities and states of mind, awareness and consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| any form of a family or practices in which practitioners train their minds or self-induce a mode of consciousness to realize benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that temporarily quickens some vital process. Effect the central nervous system and causes a rise in heart rate. e.g. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, meth |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that impead the nervous system, making neurons fire more slowly e.g. alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| form of prescribed physician to induce sleep or reduce stress. e.g. rohypnol "the date rape" drug |
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Term
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Definition
| relieve pain and anxiety e.g. morphine, heroin, oxycotin |
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Term
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Definition
| psychedelic drugs. Produces hallucinogens or changes the perceptual processes. e.g. marijuana, mushrooms, MDMA |
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Term
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Definition
| relative permanent change in behavior that is brought on my experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of conditioning that was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov with dogs in Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention |
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Term
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Definition
| unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response e.g. bell caused dogs to salivate |
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Term
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Definition
| natural response to the unconditioned stimuli e.g. salivating from the bell ringing |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulus after it means something, e.g. the bell purposely makes the dogs salivate |
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Term
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Definition
| the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus e.g. salivating |
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