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| Factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior |
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| state of biological or social dificiencies |
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| Maslow's arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs are lowest priority and personal growth needs are highest priority |
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| a state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspiration's have been attained |
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| Psychological activation, such as increased brain activity, autonomic responses, sweating, or muscle tension |
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| Psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs |
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| the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium |
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| motivations to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed |
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| motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose |
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| the need for interpersonal attachment is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes |
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| a pattern of physiological responses during sexual activity |
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| evolutionary theory that suggests men and women look for different qualities in their relationship partners because of gender-specific adaptive problems |
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| feeling that involve subjective evaulation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs |
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| rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations |
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| bodily rxns that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences. |
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| evolutionary adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures; they are associated with specific biological and physical states |
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| blends of primary emotions, including states such as remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation. |
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| The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances. |
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| a characteristics; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances |
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| Freudian theory taht unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior |
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| According to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfactions of libidinal urges |
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| In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle. |
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| In psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct. |
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| In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego |
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| Unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress |
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| approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential |
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| discrete categories based on global personality characteristics |
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| an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions |
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| the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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| person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons |
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| approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits |
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| personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli |
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| relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings |
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| the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits |
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| theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations |
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| the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas |
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| attitudes that people can report |
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| attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level |
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| an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudesa and behavior |
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| the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message |
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| elaboration likelihood model |
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| a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes |
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| People's causal explanations for why events or actions occur |
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| explanations that refer to internal characteristics such as abilities, traits, moods, and effort |
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| explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people. |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior |
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| Cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing information about people based on their membership in certain groups |
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| People's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others' expectations |
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| the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes |
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| the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership |
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| the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup |
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| the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone |
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| a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards |
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| expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior |
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| the altering of one's opinion's or behaviors to match those of others to match social norms |
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| tendency to agree to do things requested by others |
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| any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else |
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| tending to benefit others |
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| bystander intervention effect |
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| the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need |
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