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A structure in the brainstem
Receives signals via type 1 auditory nerve fibers. |
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Astructure in the midbrain.
a stop on the ascending auditory pathway. |
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Medial Geniculate Body.
A structure in the thalamus, the next stop after the inferior colliculous. |
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A structure in the brainstem.
a stop on the ascending auditory pathway,
Receives signals from both cochlear nuclei |
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Part of the cerebral cortex
tucked into lateral sulcus
consists of auditory core region, belt and parabelt |
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| part of the auditory core region |
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parto f hte auditory cortex
Located within the transverse temporal gyrus
Consists of: primary auditory cortex, rostral core, and rostraltemporal core |
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| along with the belt, a region wrapped around, and receiving signals from the auditory core region. |
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An arrangement of neurons within the auditory brain.
Characteristic frequencies shift, from lower to higher. |
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| Location of a sound source in the side to side dimension |
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| location of a sound source in the up-down dimension |
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| How far a sound source is from the center of the head in any direction. |
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| The minimum angular separation between a sound source and a different sound source emitting a tone of the same frequency, that elicits 75% correct judgments. |
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| An area on the other side of the head from a sound source, in which the loudness is reduced because the soundwaves are partially blocked by the head. |
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| interaural level difference |
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| the difference in the sound level of the same sound at the two ears. |
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| interaural time difference |
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| The difference in arrival time of the same sound at the two ears. |
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| When two equally distant sound sources are located within a cone of confusion, their locations are confusable because of their similar ILD & ITD. |
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| a Pinna induced modification in a sounds frequency spectrum. It provides information about the elevation of the sound source. |
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| The frequency of a sound emitted by a moving sound source is higher in front of the sound source. The frequency rapidly decreases as the sound source passes the listener. |
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| Sound localization based on emitting sounds and then processing echoes to determine the nature and location of the object that produced the echoes. |
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| The tendency to base the location of a sound on visual cues, if visual and auditor cues provide conflicting information. |
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| All sound entering the ears during the current interval of time. |
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| The process of extracting and grouping together the frequencies emitted by specific sound sources. |
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| Assortment of frequencies, occurring over time, all emitted from the same sound source. |
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| waves of pressure changes in air |
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| repeating segments of sound pressure changes |
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| Waves in which the cycles of compression and rarefaction repeat in periodic fashion. |
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| A sound wave in which air pressure changes over time according to a sine wave. |
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The physical dimension of sound, that is related to the perceptual dimension of pitch.
Expressed in hertz, the number of cycles per second in a sound wave. |
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| The perceptual dimension of sound that corresponds to the physical dimension of frequency (perceived highness or lowness of a tone). |
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hertz
Number of cycles per second in a sound wave. The physical unit used to measure frequency. |
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| The difference between maximum and minimum sound pressure in a sound wave. Related to the perceptual dimension of loudness. |
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| The perceptual dimension of sound that is related to the physical dimension of amplitude. |
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decibels,
Unit used to measure amplitude. Logarithmically related to sound pressure measured in micropascals. |
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| A curve showing the minimum amplitude at which sounds can be detected at each frequency. |
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| A curve showing the amplitude of tones at different frequencies that sound about equally loud. |
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| A mathematical procedure for decomposing a complex waveform, into a collection of sine waves with various frequencies. |
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| A depiction of amplitudes at all frequencies that make up a complex waveform. |
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| The frequency of the lowest frequency component of a complex waveform. Determines the perceived pitch of the sound. |
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A component frequency of a complex waveform.
The first harmonic is the fundamental frequency, the second harmonic is twice the fundamental frequency and so on. |
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| The difference in sound quality between two sounds with the same pitch and loudness. |
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| The outermost portion of the ear. |
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| A narrow channel that funnels sound waves gathered by the pinna, onto the tympanic membrane and that amplifies certain frequencies in those waves. |
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| Three small bones in the inner ear, that transmit sound energy from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. |
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(or hammer) one of the ossicles,
transmits from membrane to incus. |
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| or anvil, one of the ossicles, Transmits sound energy from the malleus to the stapes. |
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| (stirrup)one of the ossicles, transmits sound from the incus to to the oval window. |
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A reflexive contraction of two tiny muscles in the middle ear, in response to high intensity sounds.
Dampens movement of the ossicles, which helps protect the auditory system from damage due to loud noises. |
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| A tube connecting the middle ear and the top part of the throat. |
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| A coiled, tapered tube within the temporal bone of the head, partitioned into three chambers. |
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| One of the three chambers in the cochlea, separated from the cochlear duct by Reissner's membrane; filled with perilymph. |
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| One of the three chambers in the cochlea; separated from the tympanic canal by the basilar membrane; contains the organ of Corti; filled with endolymph. |
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| One of three chambers in the cochlea; separated from the cochlear duct by the basilar membrane; filled with perilymph. |
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| An opening in partitioning membranes at the apex of the cochlea; provides an open pathway for the perilymph to carry vibrations through the cochlea. |
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| A membrane-covered opening at the base of the tympanic canal in the cochlea; serves as a kind of "relief valve," for the pressure waves traveling through the perilymph. |
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| A tapered membrane suspended between the walls of the cochlea; thicker, narrower, and stiffer at the base of the apex. |
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| the frequency to which each location on the basilar membrane responds most readily. |
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| A structure in the cochlea situated on the basilar membrane; consists of: inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and the tectorial membrane. |
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| Neurons in the organ of Corti; serve to amplify and sharpen the responses of the inner hair cells. |
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Definition
Neurons in the organ of Corti,
serve to amplify and sharpen responses of the inner hair cells. |
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| A membrane that lies above the hair cells in the organ of Corti. |
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| Small hairlike projections on the tops of inner and outer hair cells. |
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| The nerve that conveys signals from the hair cells in the organ of Corti to the brain; made up of Type I and Type II auditory nerve fibers bundled together. |
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Tiny fibers connecting the tips of the adjacent stereocilia on hair cells.
Increased tension on the tip links pulls open ion channels in the membranes of stereocilia. |
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a response by outer-hair cells,
that magnifies the movements of the basilar membrane.
Amplifying sounds and sharpening the response to the particular frequencies. |
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| Frequency representation based on the displacement of the basilar membrane at different locations. |
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| Frequency representation based on the match between the frequencies in incoming sound waves and the firing rates of auditory nerve fibers. |
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The range of amplitudes that can be heard and discriminated.
When applied to an individual auditory nerve fiber(the range of amplitudes over which the firing rate of the fiber changes). |
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an instrument that presents pure tones with known frequency and amplitude to the right or left ear.
Used in estimating the listeners absolute threshhold for specific frequencies to construct an audiogram. |
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A graphical depiction auditory sensitivity to specific frequencies.
Compared to the sensitivity of a standard listener. |
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| conductive hearing impairments |
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Definition
Hearing impairments characterized by a loss of sound conduction to the cochlea.
A result of problems in the outer or middle ear. |
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| sensorineural hearing impairments |
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Definition
| Hearing impairments caused by damage to the cochlea, the auditory nerve, or the auditory areas or the pathways of the brain. |
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