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Definition
| the transfer of past learning to new situations and problems |
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| how narrowly a rule applies |
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| how broadly a rule applies |
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| recognition of differences between stimuli |
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| a curve showing how changes in the physical properties of stimuli (plotted on the horizontal axis) corresponded to changes in responding (plotted on the vertical axis) |
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| the set of all stimuli that have the same consequences as the training stimulus |
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| Discrete-Component Representation |
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Definition
| each possible stimulus is represented by it's own unique node (or "component") in the model |
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| states the the probability of a response will increase or decrease depending on the consequences that follow (Thorndike) |
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| Distributed Representations |
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Definition
| stimuli are represented by overlapping pools of nodes and stimulus elements |
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| Topographic Representation |
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Definition
| nodes responding to physically similar stimuli are placed next to each other in the model |
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| Instrumental Conditioning |
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Definition
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Definition
| one of two different (but similar) stimuli is presented on each trial |
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| the response to individual cues is positive while the response of both cues (simultaneously) is negative |
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| (XOR) logicians call negative patterning this because a subject will respond to one stimulus OR the other, but not both (together) |
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| acts as a detector for the unique configuration (or combination) of two cues. It will fire only if ALL of the inputs are active |
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| the process by which humans learn to classify stimuli into categories |
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| dilemma reflecting the rapid expansion of resources required to encode configurations as their number of component features increases |
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Definition
| prior presentation of two stimuli together, as a compound, results in a later tendency for any learning about one of these stimuli to generalize to the other stimulus. |
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Definition
| prior training that two stimuli were equivalent increased the amount of generalization between them- even if those stimuli were superficially dissimilar |
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| projects to all areas of the cortex to the amygdala |
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Definition
| (ACh) a neurotransmitter that has many functions in the brain, including the promotion of neuronal plasticity |
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Definition
| a degenerative neurological illness in which the first signs of brain damage occur in the hippocampal region |
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| Language Learning Impairment |
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Definition
| (LLI) language-learning problems that are not attributable to known factors (e.g. dyslexia) |
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Definition
| a cluster of 3 distinct but interrelated kinds of responses: physiological responses, overt behaviors, and conscious feelings |
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Definition
| happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and disgust |
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| physiological responses to a stimulus |
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| the body's way of preparing you to face a threat: either by fighting or running way |
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| (ANS) a collection of nerves and structures that control internal organs and glands (operates without conscious control) |
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| released by the adrenal glands; act throughout the body to turn the fight-or-flight response on and off |
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| e.g. Cortisol: the main stress hormone |
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| James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| conscious feelings of emotion occur when the mind senses the physiological responses associated with fear or some other kind of arousal (fear because jump response was instigated) |
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Definition
| body hair standing on end; makes an animal look bigger and more threatening |
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| Transfer-Appropriate Processing |
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Definition
| chances of recall are increased if the cues available at retrieval are similar to the cues available at testing |
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| Mood-Congruency of Memory |
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Definition
| it is easier to retrieve memories that match a current mood or emotional state |
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Definition
| reflects the idea that memories are formed quickly like "flash photographs" are taken by the brain to preserve the incident forever in vivid detail, while less arousing memories fade with time |
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| Conditional Emotional Responses |
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Definition
| behavioral and physiological CRs that occur in response to a CS that has been paired with an emotion-evoking US |
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Definition
| an organism learns to take action to avoid or escape from a dangerous situation |
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Definition
| exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduces the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses |
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| a psychiatric condition that involves not only sadness but also a general loss of initiative and activity |
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Definition
| inclues the thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, hiippocampus, and amygdala; critical for emotional learning |
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Definition
| small almond-shaped structure that lies at the anterior tip of the hippocampus; collection of more than 10 nuclei; central processing station for emotions |
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Definition
| primary entry point for sensory information into the amygdala; sensory information comes both directly and indirectly from the thalamus |
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Definition
| projects out of the amygdala to the ANS driving expression of physiological responses such as arousal and release of stress hormones, and to motor centers, driving expression of behavioral responses such as freezing and startle |
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Definition
| projects to the cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus and provides a pathway by which emotion modulates memory storage and retrieval in those structures |
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Term
| Skin Conductance Response |
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Definition
| (SCR) a tiny but measurable change in the electrical conductivity of the human skin that occurs when people feel arousal |
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Definition
| a membrane that controls passage of substances from the blood into the CNS, including the brain |
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Definition
| time in whicy memories are vulnerable to such interventions as electroconculsive shock or head injury |
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Term
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Definition
| an initial memory may be correct, but each time it is recalled tiny details forgotten or altered and over tie becomes drastically different from its original form |
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Definition
| considered the seat of executive function, where we do most of our planning and decision making |
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Definition
| results from the failure to learn that an emotional response that was appropriate in a previous context is no longer appropriate in the current context (lack of extinction) |
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| a cluster of psychiatric conditions that includes panic disorders, phobias, PTSD, and OCDs. |
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Term
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Definition
| an excessive and irrational fear of an object, place, or situation |
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| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| therapy for phobias; successive approximations of the CS are presented while the patient learns to remain relaxed; eventually even the CS itself does no elicit a fear response |
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Term
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| PTSD: a psychological syndrome that can develop after exposure to a horrific event; symptoms include re-experiencing the event, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, and heightened anxiety |
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Definition
| learning situations in which the learner actively monitors events and then chooses later actions based on those observations |
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| a synonym for observational learning |
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| consists of doing what one observes another doing |
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| immediate actions resulting from watching someone else demonstrate the action |
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| copying that involves reproducing motor acts |
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| copying that replicates an outcome without replicating specific motor acts |
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Definition
| a test that reveals if a person or animal can imitate; two animals are initially taught different behaviors that yields that same outcome. then, one group of naive animals is allowed to observe the other. If the naive animals learn to perform the operation in a way that matches the trained animal they observed, they behavior is accepted as imitation |
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Term
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Definition
| imagining yourself in the place of another; another cognitive ability that some researchers have suggested is a prerequisite for learning through imitation |
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Definition
| stimuli generated that can be directly compared with originally observed stimuli; e.g. trying to imitate a sound that you hear |
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Definition
| involves using memories of sounds to learn how to produce those sound with one's own vocal organs. |
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| Template Model of Song Learning |
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Definition
| the three phases of song learning (memorization of songs heard (in comparison with inborn template), attempted song (with stimulus matching), and appropriateness of the song (the when and where) |
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Definition
| a broad theory of human behavior that became prominent form the 1940s through the 1960s as an alternative or supplementary approach to more traditional behaviorist interpretations |
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Definition
| the inborn tendency to react emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli that indicate an emotional response by other members of one's species |
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| Observational Conditioning |
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Definition
| when an individual learns an emotional response after having observed it in others |
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Definition
| direction of one organism's attention toward specific objects, events, or locations within an environment as a result of another organism's action |
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| Social Transmission of Information |
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Definition
| a process in which an observer learns something new through experiences with others |
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Definition
| the tendency to adopt the behavior of the group |
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Definition
| neurons that fire during both performance of an action and during visual observations of that same action |
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Definition
| a condition marked by many of the same features as autism; individuals have normal intellectual abilities but a reduced capacity for social skills |
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Definition
| a phenomenon of autistic individuals repeating words or phrases immediately after hearing them spoken; requires vocal imitation abilities, suggesting that autistic individuals are good imitators (but opposite is actually true) |
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Definition
| a communication system for the social transmission of information |
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Definition
| the rules that dictate how words can be altered and combined to form sentences |
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Definition
| the task of recognizing where one word stops and another begins |
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| Transitional Probabilities |
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Definition
| the frequency with which one kind of syllable follows another |
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Definition
| refers to the meaning or interpretation of words and sentences |
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Definition
| specific times early in life when certain kinds of learning are most effective |
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Definition
| the second stage of language learning during which infants produce a wide variety of sounds, including sounds they have never heard |
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Definition
| the "babble" of baby songbirds |
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Definition
| rules about how words should be ordered |
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| rules about how sentences are used in conversations |
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Definition
| acquisition of the ability to comprehend and produce a language in addition to one's first language |
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Definition
| consist of words (or symbols that function as words), along with rules for organizing them, and often alphabets for writing them, that exhibit one or more features of natural languages (e.g. Elvish language in Lord of the Rings) |
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Definition
| artificial language based on gestural symbols |
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| complex visual patterns that represents words |
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Term
| Lichtheim's Model of Language Processing |
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Definition
| posits the presence of 3 independent language processors: one for speech, a second for word storage and word associations, and a third for conceptual information that guides the storage and production of sentences (does not account for the deaf) |
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Definition
| a hypothetical structure (or group of structures) in the body that is specialized for language |
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Definition
| part of the left frontal lobe; involved in language processing |
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Definition
| area in the left hemisphere different from that of Broca's area that is involved in language processing |
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Definition
| Broca's area is thought to be responsible for speech production; Wernicke's area is considered responsible for word storage; surrounding cortical regions are believed to provide the necessary conceptual information |
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Definition
| deaf children receiving limited exposure to ASL tend to develop idiosyncratic methods of communicating with gestures |
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