Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych of Edu
Chapter 9
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/11/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Categories
Definition
they group objects, events, and characteristicson the basis of common properties
Term
Concepts
Definition
ideas about what categories represent, or said another way, the sort of thing we think category members are
Term
concept map
Definition
a visual presentation of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization
Term
prototype matching
Definition
deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of the category
Term
thinking
Definition
manipulating and transforming information in memory, which often is done to form concepts, reason, think critically, make decisions, think creatively, and solve problems
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
reasoning from the specific to the general
Term
analogy
Definition
a correspondence in some respects between otherwise dissimilar things
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
reasoning from the general to specific
Term
critical thinking
Definition
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
Term
mindfulness
Definition
means being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks. Mindful students maintain an active awareness of the circumstances in their lives
Term
decision making
Definition
evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them
Term
belief perserverance
Definition
the tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence
Term
overconfidence bias
Definition
the tendency to have more confidence in judgement and decisions than we should based on probability or past experience
Term
hindsight bias
Definition
the tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an event
Term
cretativity
Definition
the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems
Term
convergent thinking
Definition
thinking with the aim of producing one correct answer. This is usually the type of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests
Term
divergent thinking
Definition
thinking with the aim of producing many answers to the same questions. This is characteristic of cretativity
Term
problem solving
Definition
finding an appropriate way to attain a goal
Term
subgoaling
Definition
the process of setting intermediate goals that place students in a better position to reach the final goal or solution
Term
algorithms
Definition
strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
Term
heuristics
Definition
strategies or rules of thumb that can suggest a solution to a problem but don't ensure that it will work
Term
means-end analysis
Definition
a heuristic in which one identifies the goal (end) of a problem, assesses the current situation, and evaluates what needs to be done (means) to decrease the difference between the two conditions
Term
fixation
Definition
using a prior strategy and therby failing to examine a problem from a fresh, new perspective
Term
mental set
Definition
a type of fixation in which an indiviidual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past
Term
problem-based learning
Definition
learning that emphasizes authentic problems like tose that occur in daily life
Term
project-based learning
Definition
students work on real, meaningful problems and create tangible products
Term
transfer
Definition
applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solfing in a new situation
Term
near transfer
Definition
the transfer of learning to a situation that is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place
Term
far transfer
Definition
the transfer of learning to a situation that is very different from the one in which the initial learning took place
Term
low-road transfer
Definition
the automatic, often unconscious, transfer of learning to another situation
Term
high-road transfer
Definition
the transfer of learning from one situation to another that is conscious and effortful
Term
forward-reaching transfer
Definition
occurs when the individual looks to aply learned information to a future situation
Term
backward-reaching transfer
Definition
occurs when the individual looks back to a previous situation for information to solve a problem in a new context
Supporting users have an ad free experience!