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Psych of Adolescence exam3
Families, Peer Statuses, Relationships, Culture, Disorders, Suicide, Bullying & Drugs
104
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/28/2010

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Term
Minuchin
Definition
Proposes that an invisible set of rules organizes the way family members relate to each other
Term
Boundaries
Definition
Emotional barriers that protect individuals, subsystems, or families
Term
Detouring
Definition
When parents can't resolve problems between themselves, they direct their foucs of concern away from themselves & onto their child
Term
Cross-Generational Coalations
Definition
One parents enlists the support of the child against the other parent
Term
Enmeshment
Definition
Unclear, loose boundaries foster inappropriate dependence
Term
Disengagement
Definition
Overly rigid, overly guarded boundaries foster attachment
Term
Authoritarian
Definition
Restrictive & punitive firm limits;
Little discussion of rules

ex. Matilda's parents "because I said so"

Adolescent offspring tend to be anxious, unlikely to initiate activity & have poor communication
Term
Authoritative
Definition
Warm & nuturan;
Firmer limits but with greater conversation about limits

ex. Brady Bunch

Adolescent offspring likelier to be self-reliant & socially responsible
Term
Neglectful
Definition
Uninvolved;
Few limits

ex. Homer Simpson

Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent & display less self-control
Term
Indulgent
Definition
Highly involved;
Place few demands on controls on adolescent behavior

ex. Mean Girls-Regina George's mom

Adolescent offspring tend to be less socially competent & display less self-control
Term
Steinberg
Definition
Says kids & parents argue most about small trivial issues
Term
Developmental Construction
Definition
Views suggest that as people grow, they acquire models of relating to others
Term
Continuity View
Definition
Emphasizes early parent-child relationships in laying foundating for character
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
Infants use caregiver as base from which to explore environment
Term
Insecure Attachment
Definition
Infants either avoid, show resistance, or show ambivalence toward caregiver
Term
Dismissing/Avoidant Attachment
Definition
Attachment considered unimportant;
due to rejecting by caregiver

ex. movie Carrie
Term
Preoccupied/Ambivalent Attachment
Definition
Hypertuned to attachment experiences;
overuse of attachment-seeking behaviors;
due to unavailability of caregiver

(clingy-desperate)

ex. Tim Priebe
Term
Unresolved/Disorganized Attachment
Definition
Unusually high level of fear & disorientation;
due to trauma
Term
Discontinuity View
Definition
Emphasizes change & growth;
new relationships are structurally different from previous relationships
Term
Siblings
Definition
80% of American adolescents have 1+ siblings

They spend average of 10hrs/week together

Can be source of conflict/support

65% of parents show favortism towards one sibling
Term
Divorce
Definition
40% born to married parents later witness divorce

Divorce-children likelier to adjust poorly

Adjustment moderated by parental quality & possibly changes in socioeconomic status
Term
Stepfather
Definition
Mom has custody
Mom remarries
Term
Stepmother
Definition
Dad has custody
Dad remarries
Term
Blended/Complex
Definition
Both parents bring children from previous relationships into the family
Term
Neotraditional
Definition
Both adults want a family & cope with challenges well
Term
Matriarchal
Definition
Mother has greater desire for & takes more active role in family
Term
Romantic
Definition
Adults have high, unrealistic expectations for an immediate, happy family
Term
6 Friendship Functions
Definition
Companionship
Stimulation
Physical support
Ego support
Social comparison
Emotional intimacy/Affection
Term
Person Perception
Definition
Impressions of others are based in part on our assumptions about human nature
Term
Implicit Personality Theory
Definition
Personally-held beliefts about relationships between various traits & behaviors
Term
Conformity
Definition
Adjusting one's personal behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
Informational Social Influence
Definition
Influence motivated by desire to be correct
Term
Normative Social Influence
Definition
Influene motivated by desire to gain approval
Term
Popular
Definition
Many positive & few negative ratings

ex. Denzel Washington
Term
Average
Definition
Some positive & some negative ratings

ex. Oprah
Term
Rejected
Definition
Many negative & few positive ratings

ex. Kanye West/Tiger Woods/Lindsey Lohan/Mel Gibson
Term
Controversial
Definition
Many positive & many negative ratings

ex. Obama
Term
Clique
Definition
Small groups that form from frienship & common interests
Term
Crowd
Definition
Larger structure defined by reputation;
members may not even interact with each other

ex. "Jocks"
Term
Romantic Relationships
Definition
By 10th grade, 50% of adolescents have been in 2month+ relationship

Early dating is associated with negative outcomes including family & school problems & pregnancy
Term
8 Functions of Dating
Definition
Recreation
Status/Achievement
Socialization
Emotional intimacy
Sexual expoloration
Companionship
Identity formation
Mate sorting & selection
Term
Socioeconomic Status
Definition
Function of occupational, educational & economic considerations

Related to differences in access to resources
Term
Culture
Definition
Behavior, patterns, beliefs & other products of a people that are transmitted generation to generation
Term
Cross-cultural Research
Definition
A particular culture is compared to one or more other cultures
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Tendency to favor one's own cultural group over others
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
Function of heritage, nationality, race, religion & language
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Embracing new culture while relinquishing old cultural identity
Term
Acculturation
Definition
Participating in majority culture while retaining minority cultural identity
Term
Alternation
Definition
Selectively emphasizing different cultural identities in different situations
Term
Multicultural
Definition
Holding cultural identity & accepting that many can coexist in a setting
Term
TV & Culture
Definition
Ethnic minorities are underrepresented & may be portrayed stereotypically

Some adolescents see more diversity on TV than they'd ever encounter

Interfere with social development & contribute to unhealthyness, agression, sexual attitudes & school acheivement
Term
Music & Culture
Definition
Adolescents-biggest consumers of music

No clear data links music/vidoes to problematic behaviors
Term
Social Media & Culture
Definition
Internet & texting change landscape of socail communications
Term
5 Disorder Types Emerging in Early Childhood
Definition
Mental retardation
Pervasive developmental disorders
Learning disorderes
Disruptive behavior disorders
Tic disorders
Term
Mental Retardation
Definition
IQ of 70 or below

Deficits or impairments in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning

Onset before 18yrs
Term
Etiology of MR (4)
Definition
Heredity
Alternations of embryonic development
Environmental influences
Complications of pregnancy/delivery
Term
Autistic Disorder
Definition
Markedly impaired development in social interaction & communication
& markedly restricted range of activity & interests
Term
Asperger's Disorder
Definition
Sustained impairment in socail interactiion & restrictive, repetitive patterns of activity & interests
Term
Learning Disorders (3)
Definition
Reading disorder
Mathematics disorder
Disorder of written expression

Subject-specific achievement is substantially below what is expected given age, IQ & education
Term
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Definition
Persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity inappropriate to age & in at least 2 settings

Onset before age 7
Term
Conduct Disorder
Definition
Persistent pattern of violations of rights of others or of major societal rules, including delinquent behavior
Term
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Definition
Pattern of negativistic, disobedient, hostile behavior
Term
Tic
Definition
Sudden, rapid, recurrent stereotyped movement or vocalization

May be simple or complex
Term
Tourette's Disorder
Definition
Multiple motor tics & at least one vocal tic
Term
Coprolalia
Definition
Complex vocal tics involving vocalization of obscenities

Present in less than 10% of people with Tourette's disorder
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
REFUSAL TO MAINTAIN WEIGHT, intsense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image & amenorhhea if applicable

Failing to maintain 85%+ of what is normal weight
Term
Restricting Type (AN)
Definition
No bingeing or purging
Term
Binge-eating/Purging Type (AN)
Definition
Person regularly engages in binge-eating & or purging behaviors
Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
Recurrent binge-eating & compensationg behaviors, self-image strongly influenced by body shape
Term
Purging Type (BN)
Definition
Person engages in vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas
Term
Nonpurging Type (BN)
Definition
Person uses other compensatory strategies such as fasting or excessive exercise
Term
6 Causes & contributors of Eating Disorders
Definition
Food as coping
Overconcern with others' evaluations
Dichotomous thinking(good/bad)
Enmeshed family structure
History of sexual abuse
Standards of beauty
Term
4 Treatments of Eating Disorders
Definition
Hospitalization & refeeding
Behavior therapy
Exploring emotions
Family systems therapy
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
Chronic disruption in mood leading to impaired functioning
Term
Major Depresive Disorder
Definition
A person, for no apparent reason, experiences 2+ weeks of depressed mood & or anhedonia & associated physical & cognitive symptoms

(anhedonia- lack of interest in pleasure seeking)
Term
Dysthymic Disorder
Definition
2+ years of chronic, low-grade depression that causes distress, but does not severely impair functioning
Term
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Definition
Recurrent depression that tends to come on during winter
Term
Depression Statistics (3)
Definition
Among people ages 15-24, one-month prevalence rate for depressive episode is 6%

Depressive disorders often go undiagnosed in adolescents

Earlier onset is associated with more chronic & severe course of depression
Term
Antidepressant Medication
Definition
Used to treat symptoms of depressive disorders

Only Prozac is FDA approved for MDD treatment in children as young as 8
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
Person experiences at least one manic episode

Rapid cycling extremely rare
Term
Manic episode
Definition
One week+ of hyperactivity, decreased need for sleep & euphoria
Term
Cyclothymic Disorder
Definition
Person experiences 2+ years of frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to be bipolar disorder
Term
Mood stabilizers
Definition
Used to treat bipolar-type affective disorders
Term
Suicide Statistics (5)
Definition
3rd leading cause of death for adolescents

About 1 in 6 high school students report that they have seriously contemplated suicide in past year

1 in 50 will make attempt resulting in injury that requires medical attention

Females are 4 times more likely to attempt suicide

Males are 3 times more likely to complete suicide & cause lethal means
Term
6 Risk Factors of Suicide
Definition
History of psychiatric illness
Alcohol & drug use
Hopelessness
Previous suicide attempt
Prepatory behaviors
Suicide by peer
Term
What to do...
(to help suicidal people)
Definition
Talk about it openly
Consider taking safety precautions
Seek assistance & support
Term
Bullying
Definition
Bullies bully because...
Social-ecological perspective emphasizes both individual & environmental characteristics

Anger
Beliefs supportive of violence
Peer & adult models
School climate
Term
Primary Prevention (3)
Definition
Interventions that target at-risk groups before problems occur

Publicize school-wide policies
Spread message to community
Reinforce prosocial behavior
Term
Secondary Prevention (2)
Definition
Interventions that increase likelihood of early identification of a problem

Train older peer monitors to watch out for bullying

Early identification of potential bullies or victims for social-skills training

ex. victim- be assertive & look in eyes
Term
Tertiary Prevention (2)
Definition
Interventions aimed at reducing established problems & restoring functions

Create frienships groups for bullied kids

Encourage parents to use school counseling resources for bullying or victimization
Term
Tolerance
Definition
User requires larger & larger doses to experience a drug's effect
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
The discomfort & distress that follow discontinuing the use of a drug
Term
Depressants (4)
Definition
Drugs taht reduce neural activity & slow body functions

Alcohol
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
Inhalants
Term
3 Effects of Alcohol
Definition
Slowed reflexes
Reduced inhibition
Impaired judgment
Term
Barbiturates
Definition
Depressants that reduce anxiety & produce sleepines

ex. nembutal/quaaludes
Term
Tranquilizers
Definition
Depressants that relieve anxiety

ex. xanax/valium
Term
Inhalants
Definition
Chemicals that are inhaled to produce alterations in consciousness
Term
Opiates
Definition
Endorphin agonists that have strong pain-relieving properties

ex. morphine/codeine/heroin
Term
Stimulants (4)
Definition
Drugs that excite neural activity & speed up body functions

Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
Stimulants that arouse the CNS & suppress appetite

ex. meth
Term
Stimulant-induced Psychosis
Definition
Schizophrenic symptoms due to cocaine/amphetamines
Term
Hallucinogens (2)
Definition
Drugs that distort perceptions, alter mood & affect judgment

ex. marijuana/mescaline (peyote)/LSD
Term
Designer/Club Drugs (2)
Definition
Loose category of drugs that are popular at clubs/parties

Often synthesized in labs

ex. ecstasy (MDMA)/dissociative anesthetics
Term
Anabolic Steroids
Definition
Drugs derived from testerone which promote muscle growth & lean body mass
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