Term
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Definition
| the view that psychology should be an objective science without reference to the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| how we encode, process, and retrieve information |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of psychology to help people (e.g. war vets, kids, or crazy people) |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| how brain and body are related to thinking, emotions, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| how certain traits allow us to adapt to the environment and pass on our genes |
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Term
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Definition
| how differences in genetics and environment influence individual differences |
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Term
| Social-Cultural Psychology |
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Definition
| How behavior varies across situations and cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| How we learn observable processes |
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Term
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Definition
| how unconscious drives and conflicts influence thinking and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Pure research that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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Term
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Definition
Studying a specific case
Disadvantages: May not Represent population
Highly subjective
Poor memories of subject and other |
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Term
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Definition
Observing subjects in their natural settings
Advantages: Good for comming up with new ideas and good for descriptive data.
Also good for checking how realistic lab results are.
DIsadvantages: difficult to determine which variables are important
difficult not to intervene |
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Term
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Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
*MUST ASSURE SAMPLE IS RANDOM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical measure of relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together |
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Term
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Definition
| the values of both variables rise and fall together |
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Term
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Definition
| the values of both variables rise and fall reciprocally [as the value of one variable rises, the other falls] |
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Term
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Definition
| researcher manipulates one or more variables under carefully controlled conditions and observes changes in behavior or mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| factor that is manipulated to see its effects |
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Term
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Definition
| factor thought to be affected by the independent variable |
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Term
| Control condition (group) |
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Definition
condition that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Model of how something SHOULD work |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result is due to chance |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental results are caused by the subjects expectations alone |
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Term
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Definition
| inert substance that has medicinal value because of a person’s belief in the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| • a researcher’s expectations about the experiment affect the outcome |
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Term
| Ethical Guidelines for Research |
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Definition
• 1)subjects must give their informed consent
• 2)investigators must protect subjects from harm or comfort
• 3)information about subjects must be treated confidentially
• 4)the research should be explained to the subjects afterward |
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Term
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Definition
| A periodical that uses researchers to judge whether another researcher’s work is worth publishing |
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Term
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Definition
| structural support for neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| receive signals from outside the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| carry information from the nervous system to the muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| communicate only with other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the cells life-support center (body) |
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Term
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Definition
| receive messages from other cells (arms) |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons, or to muscles, or to glands (legs) |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty tissue encasing the fibers of many neurons (pants) |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrical impulse traveling down the axon |
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Term
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Definition
inside of an axon is negative compared to the outside at rest (no signal)
• Difference between inside and outside is due to a difference in ion concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| more electrons than protons |
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Term
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Definition
| more protons than electrons |
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Term
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Definition
• Brief reversal in an axon’s charge
• The neural message ---> outside becomes negative, inside positive
• Message travels down the axon |
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Term
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Definition
• Brief (1 or 2 milliseconds) period after an action potential during which another action potential cannot occur
• Prevents action potentials from going back towards the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that psychology should be an objective science without reference to the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how we encode, process, and retrieve information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use of psychology to help people (e.g. war vets, kids, or crazy people) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the science of behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how brain and body are related to thinking, emotions, and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how certain traits allow us to adapt to the environment and pass on our genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how differences in genetics and environment influence individual differences |
|
|
Term
| Social-Cultural Psychology |
|
Definition
| How behavior varies across situations and cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How we learn observable processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how unconscious drives and conflicts influence thinking and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pure research that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Studying a specific case
Disadvantages: May not Represent population
Highly subjective
Poor memories of subject and other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Observing subjects in their natural settings
Advantages: Good for comming up with new ideas and good for descriptive data.
Also good for checking how realistic lab results are.
DIsadvantages: difficult to determine which variables are important
difficult not to intervene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
*MUST ASSURE SAMPLE IS RANDOM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical measure of relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the values of both variables rise and fall together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the values of both variables rise and fall reciprocally [as the value of one variable rises, the other falls] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researcher manipulates one or more variables under carefully controlled conditions and observes changes in behavior or mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factor that is manipulated to see its effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factor thought to be affected by the independent variable |
|
|
Term
| Control condition (group) |
|
Definition
condition that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Model of how something SHOULD work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result is due to chance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimental results are caused by the subjects expectations alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inert substance that has medicinal value because of a person’s belief in the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • a researcher’s expectations about the experiment affect the outcome |
|
|
Term
| Ethical Guidelines for Research |
|
Definition
• 1)subjects must give their informed consent
• 2)investigators must protect subjects from harm or comfort
• 3)information about subjects must be treated confidentially
• 4)the research should be explained to the subjects afterward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A periodical that uses researchers to judge whether another researcher’s work is worth publishing |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural support for neurons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| receive signals from outside the nervous system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| carry information from the nervous system to the muscles and glands |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| communicate only with other neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cells life-support center (body) |
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Term
|
Definition
| receive messages from other cells (arms) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons, or to muscles, or to glands (legs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| fatty tissue encasing the fibers of many neurons (pants) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an electrical impulse traveling down the axon |
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Term
|
Definition
inside of an axon is negative compared to the outside at rest (no signal)
• Difference between inside and outside is due to a difference in ion concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more electrons than protons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more protons than electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Brief reversal in an axon’s charge
• The neural message ---> outside becomes negative, inside positive
• Message travels down the axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Brief (1 or 2 milliseconds) period after an action potential during which another action potential cannot occur
• Prevents action potentials from going back towards the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
• Either the axon has an action potential or it does not
• No big or small signals (all the same size) |
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Term
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Definition
| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny gap at the junction of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gap between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| small sacs that store neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecules on the dendrite or cell body that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| increase the likelihood of an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases the likelihood of an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| NT is transported back to the sending neuron for recycling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Blocks the effect of endorphins
• An antagonist
• Decreases the effect of opiates
• Decreases the effect of placebos for pain |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons routed together through the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
• Controls the body’s skeletal muscles
• Carries information to carry out “voluntary”
• Carries information to the brain about the state of the muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus --> experience of emotion --> physiological reaction |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
• Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
• Fight or flight response |
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Term
| Parasympatheic Nervous System |
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Definition
| Calms the body, conserving its energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
• 1) skull and backbone
• 2) meninges: 3 membranes covering the brain
• 3) cerebral spinal fluid system
A fluid system that nourishes and cushions the brain
• 4) blood-brain barrier: semipermeable membrane that prevents some chemicals from to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 membranes covering the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| semipermeable membrane that prevents some chemicals from entering the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the brain with the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| look at the living brain without surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| Show structure not function |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows structure not activity |
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Term
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Definition
| gives a picture of activity in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of the Medulla, the Thalamus, the Reticular formation and the Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| controls heartbeat and breathing |
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Term
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Definition
sends sensory information to higher levels of the brain for processing
• except the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| Coordinates voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
• relays information to the upper part of the brain
• involved in controlling breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, urination, movements of the face and tongue
• sleep and wakefulness and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in emotion, memory, motivation
-Consists of: the Amygdala, the Hypothalamus, and the Hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
• Linked to emotion
• Especially rage and fear
• Expressing it and recognizing |
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Term
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Definition
• Controls the pituitary gland
• Involved in hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
• Consolidating memory
• Transferring memory for permanent storage
• H.M. |
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Term
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Definition
o Convoluted
-Allow for big surface area that can be tucked into a small area
o two hemispheres connected by tissue
-biggest band of tissue: corpus callosum |
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Term
| Four Sections of the Hemispheres of the Brain |
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Definition
| Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, and Temporal Lobe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Motor cortex
-Broca’s Area (usually in the left hemisphere)
-Controls speech |
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Term
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Definition
Primary auditory cortex
-Wernicke’s Area
-Involved with comprehension of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Biggest band of tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Term
| Extreme frontal area (pre-frontal cortex |
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Definition
| Involved with personality, decision making, motivation (executive functions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved with comprehension of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| person speaks fluently but the words don’t make much sense; often repetition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Personality Change, Cant Speak properly |
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Term
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Definition
| The two hemispheres are isolated by cutting their connective fibers; mainly the Copus Callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| more active with language, logic and math |
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Term
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Definition
| special things, music, visual recognition, things you take in as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis that beings with the sense receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| information processing guided by higher level mental processes (i.e., experience, expectations) |
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Term
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Definition
detecting energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals
• Raw information |
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Term
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Definition
selecting, organizing and interpreting sensations
• Adding meaning to our sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| The study for the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological or sensory experience of them |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to predict how and when the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) is detected against background noise |
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Term
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Definition
| signal present -- --> detected |
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Term
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Definition
| signal present ----> not detected |
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Term
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Definition
| signal not present ---> not detected |
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Term
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Definition
| signal not present ----> mistakenly detected |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| To be detected, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceive something below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the height of a wave; related to brightness |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from one wave to the next; related to color |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of one form of energy into another |
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Term
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Definition
| transformation of stimulus energies into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Retina, Rods, Cones, Optic Nerve |
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Term
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Definition
place where the optic nerve exits the eye
• The eye ‘guesses ‘ what is in the blind spot and fills it in |
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Term
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Definition
| transparent outer covering of the front of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a ring of muscle surounding the pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| an adjustable hole in the iris |
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Term
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Definition
| the light sensitive inner surface of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
-Sensitive in dim light
-120 million rods
-Black and white vision
-Concentrated in periphery
-Many-to-one neural connections
-Not sensative to details |
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Term
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Definition
-Not Sensitive in dim light
-6 million cones
-Color vision
-Concentrated in point of Central Focus
-One-to-one connections
-Sensative to details |
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Term
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Definition
| sends information to the brain from the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| bits of material in the eye that casts a shadow on the retina |
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