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- Tested existing police, found under-average IQ
- First recommendation for screening the police |
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| 1973 National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards |
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| called for screening all police officers |
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| protects against cruel and unusual punishment |
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| guarantees a speedy public trial |
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| two or more locations with no cooling-off period |
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| looking for the same type of person to kill |
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| typically happens in one location; four or more people are killed |
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| law that once an officer has indicated intent to arrest a suspect, if the suspect flees or forcibly resists, "the officer may use all the necessary means to effect the arrest" - Garner shot, no reason to believe he was a threat |
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– experts can provide opinions on matters outside range of common experience or knowledge
– knowledge/technique must have general acceptance in field |
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| 1975 Federal Rules of Evidence |
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– If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue
– evidence must be relevant and reliable |
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| judges as gatekeepers for evidence |
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| collecting all info about a crime |
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| organize data in meaningful ways |
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| try to reconstruct behavior of offender and victim |
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| initial description of the most likely suspect |
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crime characteristics correlated with:
– Prior relations with victim
– Organized vs disorganized offenders
– Serial vs single offenders |
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– Profilers, other crime investigators, other psychologists
– Profilers were more specific, more helpful
– Profilers more accurate in sex offense cases |
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| uses BP, pulse rate and respiratory changes |
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| 1940 Reid - the Control Question Test |
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stim test
control questions
questions about a different crime |
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| confessions after torture violate due process |
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| – Any confession without advising of legal right to counsel or remain silent is considered involuntary and not admissible |
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| mental or psychological problems in sufficient to make confession involuntary |
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– Confessed after threat or punishment – did not affect verdict
– Confessed after promise of better treatment – did |
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| filed habeas corpus after deadline |
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| right to free psychiatric consult |
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| accidentally found evidence is allowed if police received a tip |
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| guest in a car arrested - no reasonable expectation of privacy |
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| IRS can hire a private investigator to look for stuff |
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| inevitable discovery of evidence |
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| right to counsel extended to misdemeanors |
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| State only supplies a free lawyer for 1st trial |
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| police isn't responsible for making sure the defendant understands the warnings |
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| request for a lawyer must be stated definitely (unequivocal) |
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| Miranda doesn't apply roadside |
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| Lawyer wanting to see convict |
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| a juvenile doesn't have the right to a trial with a jury |
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| any case involving a confession has the right to have it reviewed by the court and allowed/disallowed |
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| tried to find factors that influenced the judges' bail decisions |
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| Bail Reform Act of 1984 (Reagan) |
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| If a judge believes the convict is a danger to himself/community, he can deny bail |
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| Stone was held before trial - constitutional |
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| Brady Rule (Brady v Maryland) |
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| If a state finds info that helps the defendant, they must give him that info |
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| defense does not have the right to ask jurors what PTP they have seen |
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| Jurors may be excused for hardship, for having relevant pretrial biases, or via peremptory challenges. |
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| judges agree with the juries verdict about 75% of the time. |
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| Supremes decided criminal juries were required to apply law |
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| Jury has power to decide cases as a matter of conscience |
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| Judge is not required to give nullification instructions |
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| Shows that nullification instructions have strong effect |
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| protects against unreasonable search and seizure |
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