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Definition
| the tendency to believe once you have learned something, that you would have been able to seen it beforehand |
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| thinking that doesnt blindly accept arguements and conclusions |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| a prediction often implied by theory |
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| a statement of the procedure used to define research variable, ex. human intelligence may be operationally definied as the results of an intelligence test |
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| repeating a research study with different participants |
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| an observation study where one person is studied in depth |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a random sample of representatives |
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs or behaviors |
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| all the cases in a group in which samples for a study may be taken |
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| a sample that fairly representsa poplulation because everyone has equal chances of being included |
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| observing in a natural environment |
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Definition
| a measure of the extent to which 2 facotrs vary together, and thus of which how well they predict each other |
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| when 2 things look like they correlate on a scatter plot, but they actually have no relation, perception of relationship where none exists |
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Definition
| the condition in the experiment that exposes participants to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable |
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Definition
| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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Definition
| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexising differences between those assigned to different groups |
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Definition
| the experimental factor that is manipulated. it does what it wants. |
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| the variable that is effected by the changes made to the independent variable. |
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| a computed measure of how much scores varies around the mean score |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance |
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Definition
| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, traditions, shared by a large group of people and are transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Definition
| a branch of psycology that has to do with the links between psycology and behavior |
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Definition
| a nerve cell. the basic building block of the nervous system. |
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Definition
| the bushy branching extensions of a neuron that recieve messages and conduct impulses towards the cell body |
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Definition
| the extension of a neuron ending in branching terminal fibers through which messages pass the other neurons or to other muscles or glands |
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Definition
| a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing fibers of many neurons, enables vastly greater tranmission speed of neurons |
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Definition
| a neural impulse, a breif electrival vharge that travels down a axon |
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Definition
| the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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Definition
| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving neuron |
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Definition
| chemical messengers that traverse the synaptiac gap between neurons |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory, and also triggers muscle contraction |
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Definition
| morphine within, natural opiate like neurotransmitter that makes you happy, used for pain control and pleasure. happy people just dont kill their husbands. |
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Definition
| the bodys speedy electrochemical communication network |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal chord |
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Definition
| the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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Definition
| nerual cables that contain many axons, these bundled axons connect stuff |
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Definition
| neurons that carry incoming information from the sense recptors to the central nervous system |
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Definition
| neurons that carry outgoing information from the cental nervous system to muscles and glands |
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| central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs |
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Definition
| the division of the perpheral nervous sustem that controls the skeletal stuff |
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Definition
| part of the peripheral nervous system that has to do with internal organs such as the heart |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| part of autonomic that arouses the body, mobilizing in stressful situations |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| part of the autonomic that works with settling you down in stressful situations, calms the body |
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Definition
| a simple automatic inborn response to a stimulus, knee jerk |
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Definition
| interconnected neural cells, the can learn |
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Definition
| the body's slow chemical communication system;a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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Definition
| chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in one tissue and effect another |
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Definition
| endocrine glands that release hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| the endocrine systems most influential gland, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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Term
| EEG (electroencephalogram) |
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Definition
| an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface |
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Definition
| a visual display of brain activity that detects where stuff is using a radioactive glucose form |
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Definition
| a technique using magnetic feilds and radio waves to produce computer generated images |
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Definition
| a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans |
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Definition
doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions such as fear and aggressionand drives such as those for food and sex |
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Definition
| impairment oflanguag, usually caused by lefthemisphere damgae either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area |
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Definition
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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Definition
| interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas |
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Definition
| the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
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Definition
people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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Definition
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Definition
| a study in which people of different ages arecompared with one another |
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Definition
| research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period |
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Definition
| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics ofstimuli, such s their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
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Definition
| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faintstimulus amid background stimulation. assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. |
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Definition
| the actication, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that to be perceived asdifferent, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
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Definition
| conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the eye's lens changes shapeto focus near or far objects on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. electromagnetic wavelengths vary fromthe short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| the central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster |
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Definition
| in hearing, the theory that links the itch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound wavesto the cochlea |
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Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodesthreaded into the cochlea |
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Definition
| the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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Definition
| the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance |
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Definition
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Definition
| depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance-the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object |
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Definition
| depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone |
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Definition
| an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
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Term
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Definition
| perceiving objects as unchanging evan as illumination and retinal images change |
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Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or response and its consequences. |
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Definition
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field |
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Definition
| the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. |
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Definition
| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behvior without reference to mental processes |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
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Term
| conditioned repsonse (CR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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Definition
| according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve. |
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Definition
| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis suession, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptons and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus come to elicit a conditioned response. |
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Definition
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Definition
| drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| opium and its derivatives,such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity , temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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Definition
| the diminshing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning |
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Definition
| the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned sitmulus to elicit similar responses. |
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Definition
| unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which behavior is strenghtened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
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Definition
| behavior that occurs as an automatic repsonse to some stimulus |
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Definition
| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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Definition
a chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, any event that stregthens the behavior it follows |
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Definition
| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. |
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Definition
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negavtive stimuli, such as shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one hat satisfies a biological need. |
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Term
| conditioned(secondary)reinforcer |
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Definition
| stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its assocaiton witha a primary reinforcer. |
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Definition
| reinforcing the desired resonse everytime it occurs. |
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Definition
| reinforcing a response only part of the time. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinfroces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
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Term
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
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Term
| variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicatable number of responses. |
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Definition
| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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Definition
| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
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Definition
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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Definition
| a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
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Definition
| a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. |
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Definition
| learning by observing others. |
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Definition
| the process of observing and intimitating a specific behavior. |
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Definition
| frontal lobe neurons that fire whe performing certain actions or when observing another doing so |
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Definition
| positive, constuctive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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Definition
| the persistence of learning over time throught the storage and retrieval of information. |
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Definition
| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
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Definition
| the processing of information inot the memory system for example, by extracting meaning. |
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Definition
| the retention of encoded information over time. |
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Definition
| the process of getting information out of memory storage. |
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Definition
| the immediate, very brieg recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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Definition
| activated memory that holds a few items briefly. |
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Definition
| the relitively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge skills, and experiences. |
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Definition
| a newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information retreived from long term memory. |
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Definition
| unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings. |
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Definition
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious repetition of information (dance) |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
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Definition
| our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
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Definition
| the encoding of picture images. |
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Definition
| the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |
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Definition
| encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |
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Definition
| memory aids, especially those teachniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
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Definition
| a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
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Term
long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| an increase ina synape's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
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Definition
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Definition
| retention independent of conscious recollection. |
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Definition
| a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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Definition
| a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test. |
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Definition
| a measure of memory in which the person need only idenitfy items perviously learned, as on a multiple choic test. |
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Definition
| a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |
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Definition
| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perceoption, memory, or response. |
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Definition
| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. |
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. |
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousingthoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
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Definition
| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
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Definition
| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or, imagined. |
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Definition
| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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Definition
| a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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Definition
| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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Definition
| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but can be more effective. |
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Definition
| a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception. |
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Definition
| tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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Definition
| juding the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. |
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Definition
| estimating the likelihood of events based on their availablity in memory. |
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Definition
| the tendency for one's preexisting beliefts to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid. |
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Definition
| clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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Definition
| in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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Definition
| in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word. |
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Definition
| the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. |
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Definition
| the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given lanuauge. |
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Definition
| early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram. |
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Definition
| whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
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