Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych Midterm 2
Ch.5-8
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
05/18/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
group
Definition
Two or more persons perceived as related b/c of their interactions, membership in the same social category, or common fate.
Term
stereotype
Definition
A belief that associates a group based on their membership in certain groups
Term
prejudice
Definition
Negative feelings towards persons based on their membership in certain groups
Term
discrimination
Definition
Behavior directed against persons b/c of their membership in a particular group
Term
social categorization
Definition
The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
Term
ingroups
Definition
Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, & identity
Term
outgroups
Definition
Groups with which an individual does NOT feel a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
Term
outgroup homogeneity effect
Definition
The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.
Term
entity theorists
Definition
People who tend to see social groups as relatively fixed, static entities, & the borders b/w groups as relatively clear & rigid.
Term
incremental theorists
Definition
People who tend to see social groups as relatively dynamic & changeable, with less consistency within groups & more malleability b/w groups.
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
An overestimate of the association b/w variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
Term
contrast effect
Definition
The tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from the expectations as being even more different that they really are
Term
subliminal presentation
Definition
A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.
Term
superordinance goal
Definition
A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups
Term
realistic conflict theory
Definition
The theory that hostility b/w groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared w/others
Term
ingroup favoritism
Definition
The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.
Term
social identity theory
Definition
The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem
Term
social dominance orientation
Definition
A desire to see one's in group as dominant over other groups & willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups
Term
sexism
Definition
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender
Term
social role theory
Definition
The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting roles occupied by men and women
Term
ambivalent sexism
Definition
A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs  & feelings and affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing beliefs & feelings
Term
racism
Definition
Prejudice & discrimination based on a person's racial background
Term
modern racism
Definition
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways  when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.
Term
contact hypothesis
Definition
The theory that direct contact b/w hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions
Term
jigsaw classroom
Definition
A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.
Term
attitude
Definition
A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea.
Term
attitude scale
Definition
A multiple item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object
Term
bogus pipeline
Definition
A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions.
Term
facial electomyograph (EMG)
Definition
An electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated w/emotions & attitudes
Term
implicit attitude
Definition
An attitude, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having
Term
Implicit Association Test
Definition
A covert measure of unconscious attitudes derives from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts - such as black or white, w/ good or bad
Term
theory of planned behavior
Definition
The theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine w/subjective norms & perceived control to influence a person's actor.
Term
persuasion
Definition
The process by which attitudes are changed
Term
central route to persuasion
Definition
The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication & is influenced instead by superficial cues
Term
elaboration
Definition
The process of thinking about & scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication
Term
sleeper effect
Definition
A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a non-credible source
Term
need for cognition (NC)
Definition
A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities
Term
inoculation hypothesis
Definition
The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument
Term
psychological reactance
Definition
The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves & perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
Term
insufficient justification
Definition
A condition in which people freely perform an attitude discrepant behavior w/out receiving a large reward
Term
insufficient deterrance
Definition
A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened.
Term
conformity
Definition
The tendency to change our perceptions
Term
informational influence
Definition
Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgements
Term
normative influence
Definition
Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant
Term
private conformity
Definition
The change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others
Term
public conformity
Definition
A superficial change in overt behavior, w/out a corresponding change of opinion, produced by real or imagined group pressure
Term
minority influence
Definition
The process by which dissenters produce change within a group
Term
idiosyncrasy credits
Definition
Interpersonal "credits" that a person earns by following group norms
Term
individualism
Definition
A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, & self-reliance take priority over group allegiances
Term
collectivism
Definition
A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, & social harmony take priority over-personal goals
Term
compliance
Definition
Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests
Term
foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer sets the stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request
Term
that's-not-all technique
Definition
A two-step compliance technique in which the influence begins with an inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus
Term
obedience
Definition
Behavior change produced by the commands of authority
Term
social impact theory
Definition
The theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and the # of source persons relative to target persons.
Term
Sheriff study
Definition
intergroup conflict...subordinate goals (shared goal that can only be achieved through cooperation among individuals or groups)
Term
Tajfel study
Definition
boys on a soccer team awarded "credits" to people
Supporting users have an ad free experience!