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| Two or more persons perceived as related b/c of their interactions, membership in the same social category, or common fate. |
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| A belief that associates a group based on their membership in certain groups |
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| Negative feelings towards persons based on their membership in certain groups |
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| Behavior directed against persons b/c of their membership in a particular group |
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| The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes |
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| Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, & identity |
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| Groups with which an individual does NOT feel a sense of membership, belonging, and identity |
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| outgroup homogeneity effect |
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| The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups. |
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| People who tend to see social groups as relatively fixed, static entities, & the borders b/w groups as relatively clear & rigid. |
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| People who tend to see social groups as relatively dynamic & changeable, with less consistency within groups & more malleability b/w groups. |
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| An overestimate of the association b/w variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated |
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| The tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from the expectations as being even more different that they really are |
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| A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them. |
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| A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups |
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| realistic conflict theory |
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Definition
| The theory that hostility b/w groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources |
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| Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared w/others |
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| The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups. |
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| The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem |
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| social dominance orientation |
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| A desire to see one's in group as dominant over other groups & willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups |
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| Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender |
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| The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting roles occupied by men and women |
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| A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs & feelings and affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing beliefs & feelings |
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| Prejudice & discrimination based on a person's racial background |
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| A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize. |
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| The theory that direct contact b/w hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions |
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| A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts. |
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| A positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea. |
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| A multiple item questionnaire designed to measure a person's attitude toward some object |
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| A phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions. |
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| facial electomyograph (EMG) |
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| An electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated w/emotions & attitudes |
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Definition
| An attitude, such as prejudice, that one is not aware of having |
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| Implicit Association Test |
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Definition
| A covert measure of unconscious attitudes derives from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts - such as black or white, w/ good or bad |
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| theory of planned behavior |
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Definition
| The theory that attitudes toward a specific behavior combine w/subjective norms & perceived control to influence a person's actor. |
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| The process by which attitudes are changed |
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| central route to persuasion |
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| The process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication & is influenced instead by superficial cues |
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| The process of thinking about & scrutinizing the arguments contained in a persuasive communication |
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| A delayed increase in the persuasive impact of a non-credible source |
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| A personality variable that distinguishes people on the basis of how much they enjoy effortful cognitive activities |
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| The idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument |
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| The theory that people react against threats to their freedom by asserting themselves & perceiving the threatened freedom as more attractive |
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| cognitive dissonance theory |
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| The theory that holding inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce |
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| insufficient justification |
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Definition
| A condition in which people freely perform an attitude discrepant behavior w/out receiving a large reward |
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| A condition in which people refrain from engaging in a desirable activity, even when only mild punishment is threatened. |
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| The tendency to change our perceptions |
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| Influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgements |
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| Influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant |
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| The change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position taken by others |
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| A superficial change in overt behavior, w/out a corresponding change of opinion, produced by real or imagined group pressure |
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| The process by which dissenters produce change within a group |
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| Interpersonal "credits" that a person earns by following group norms |
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| A cultural orientation in which independence, autonomy, & self-reliance take priority over group allegiances |
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| A cultural orientation in which interdependence, cooperation, & social harmony take priority over-personal goals |
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| Changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests |
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| foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| A two-step compliance technique in which an influencer sets the stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request |
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| A two-step compliance technique in which the influence begins with an inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus |
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| Behavior change produced by the commands of authority |
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| The theory that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and the # of source persons relative to target persons. |
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| intergroup conflict...subordinate goals (shared goal that can only be achieved through cooperation among individuals or groups) |
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| boys on a soccer team awarded "credits" to people |
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