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| scientific laws must be available for any interested person to observe, general empirical relationships publicly verifiable |
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| psychophysical parallelism |
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| experiencing something in physical world happens separately and simulataneously with body and mind |
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| Kuhn, normal science like puzzle solving, problems worked on specified by paradigm, with guaranteed solutions, rules must be followed to arrive at conclusions |
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| abstractions for which we have names have a existence independent of their names |
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| because all experience must be filtered through individual and group perspectives search for truth independent of human nature is in vain, no truth, only truths |
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| Kuhn, existing paradigm displaced by new one |
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| popper, predictions from a scientific theory that could prove theory false, |
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| sociocultural determinism |
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| enviro determinism stresses social or cultural laws as reasons for behaviour |
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| there are universal truths about ourselves and the physical world in general that can be discovered by anyone using proper methods of inquiry |
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| life cannot be explained in terms of inanimate processes, life requires a force more than material objects or inanimate processes in which it manifests itself, must be vital force present for life to be present |
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| 625-547, first philosopher, emphasized natural explanations and minimized supernatural ones, universe is knowable by humans, physicist |
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| things in the universe consist of natural substances and are governed by natural forces (Thales) |
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| one substance which everything was made of, searched for by Thales, those who sought it were physicists |
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| 610-547, studied with Thales, water made up of more basic material too. the boundless-something capable of becoming anything (indefinite), proposed rudimentary theory of evolution, hot water and earth=fishies |
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| 540-480, fire is the physis, nothing ever is, everything is always becoming. all things exist somewhere between polar opposites. how can we know if it's constantly changing? being-something unchanging and therefore capable of being known with certainty |
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| something unchanging and therefore capable of being known with certainty |
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| 515, all change was an illusion, one reality, finite and understood through reason. knowledge attained only through rational thought. sensory experience an illusion. being able to think of something implies its existence. |
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| infinite number of points between any 2 points, impossible for object to reach point B. |
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| 580-500, employ terms philosophy and philosopher, explanation for everything in numbers/numerical relationships, know pure form only through reason, dualistic world-know through reason, other abstract, sensory experience cannot provide knowledge |
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| 490-430, four elements, love and strife causal powers of universe, roaming body parts theory of evolution, eidola-emanations, objects sent tiny copies of self into blood of body, matching occurs in heart |
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| 500-428, all things in world were originally mixed together, nothing can come from nothing, infinite elements seeds, mind contains no other elements, makes life, vitalist |
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| 460-370, all things made of atoms, everything reduced to atomic activity, denied vitalism, elementism instead:things explained by studying elements they're made of (atoms). reductionism-explain things at one level in terms of events on another level, thinking, emotion, appetite, no supernaturalism |
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| 427-347, theory of forms-everything in material world manifestation of something abstract, inferior manifestations of pure forms (unknowable abstract realities), analogy of divided line, allegory of the cave, reminiscience theory of knowledge, introspection, soul rational immortal part, nativist |
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| analogy for people living lives in shadow of reality provided by sensory experience instead of reality beyond sensory experience |
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| analogy of the divided line |
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| there is a heirarchy of understanding, lowest=empirical, next understanding empirical objects, next math, next forms, next understanding of form of good and all forms and organization |
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| reminiscience theory of knowledge |
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| all knowledge innate and can be attainted only through introspection |
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| courageous and appetitive: body and mortal |
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| 384-322, essences existed but only known through studying nature, embraced rationalism and empiricism, mind must be employed for knowledge, object of rational thought info obtained by senses, first principles-examine nature directly and think about it, math useless, material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, final cause, teleology, elechy, scala natura, unmoved mover, heirarchy of souls: vegetative, sensitive soul, rational soul, motion and senses, common sense, passive reason, active reason, remembering, recall, laws of association, law of contiguity, law of similarity, law of contrast, law of frequency, associationism, imagination and dreaming, golden mean |
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| Aristotle, material cause (matter thing made of), formal cause (form/pattern), efficient cause (force transforming), final cause (purpose of existence) |
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| everything in nature exists for a purpose |
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| nature arranged in heirarchy ranging from neutral matter to unmoved mover, which is pure actuality and cause of everything |
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| cause of everything, pure actuality, closer to unmoved mover, more perfect=humans |
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| 3: vegetative-plants, sensitive-animals, rational-humans |
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| mechanism coordinating all info from senses, in heart |
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| using synthesized experience for getting along in everyday life, not for first principles |
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| spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced |
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| actual mental search for past experience |
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| when we think of something we think of things experienced along with it |
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| think of thing, think of things similar to it |
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| think of thing and its opposite |
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| more experiences occur together, stronger their association |
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| believing laws can explain ideas and memory |
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| pondering of images from past experiences |
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| experience of images retained from waking experience |
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| best life lived in moderation |
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| 347-420, ultimate knowledge was knowing god. the will-free to choose, internal sense-conscience, predestination-god preordains who will be condemned and who won't, the fact that he doubted could not be doubted.introspection-know god, time-god no time, mortals can't measure time either, based on sensory experience |
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| 1225-1274, synthesize Aristotle's works and xtian tradition, reason and faith are not incompatible, study of nature respectable |
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| i think therefore i am, innate ideas (so clear needed to be true despite no personal experience), natural components of mind, he was imperfect but his ideas could be perfect, intuition-unbiased mind arrives at idea whose validity cannot be doubted, phenomenologist-studied nature of conscious experience, reflex, nerves connected to caviities with animal spirits, mind nonmaterial, dualist, interactionism, mechanics |
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| humans as machines, govt protects humans from instincts, materialism, deductive method, denial of free will, complex though processes |
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| opposition to innate ideas, all ideas come from sensation or reflection, simple ideas-atoms, complex ideas-composites of simple ideas, primary and secondary qualities-anything producing idea is quality, primary-phsyical, experiences no counterparts, paradox of the basins, associationism-association main thing of mental life, education hardening, govt by and for people |
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| opposition to materialism wrecking religion, to be is to be percieved, only secondary qualities exist, priniciple of association for recognizing objects, theory of distance perception-senses work together to know, person recovering wouldn't know. |
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| skeptical of religion, social sciences, empirical scientist, combine empirics and newtonian science to make science of human nature, mind experience only, impressions-perceptions, ideas-weak perceptions, imagination-ideas arranged in imagination once they exist, law of cause and effect-think of outcome think of preceding, specifiy causal relationships, the passions as ultimate determinants of behaviour |
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| nerves are solid, impressions-vibes on nerves from sensory experiences cause sensations, vibratiuncles-vibes in brain after sensing, voluntary/involuntary behaviour |
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| utilitarianism-liked hedonism, associationism, vividness and frequency |
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| methodology for all sciences, mental chemistry-elementary ideas fuse and make new ones, ethology-science of formation of character, social reform |
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| rationalist, common sense, trust cause it makes sense to do so, direct realism-belief that world is as we experience it, faculty psychology-aspects of mind influencing thought |
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| categories of thought-before knowledge attained it was in innate cats of thought, mind must add something to data before it could be attained. never experience all of anything, noumena, objects constitute phsyical reality. time space innate cats of thought, categorical imperative-rational principle governing behaviour, free will |
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| materialists, same laws to living/nonliving things.external/mental events. living organisms complex machines, principle of conservation of energy-living organisms, sensation into perception through past experience, unconscious inference-applies prev experience unconc., young-helmholtz theory of colour vision-trichromatic theory-three types of colour receptors on retina, auditory perception, resonance place theory of auditory perception-vibrating inside ear |
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| phrenology, faculties not same in all humans, in parts of brain, bumps etc. there if good |
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| magnitude of one's faculties could be determined by examining the bumps and depressions in one's skull |
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| education experiences could be arranged to strengthen certain faculties |
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| clinical method used (examine prob look at brain), found speech area on cortex left hemisphere |
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| cortical area for speech comprehension |
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| -cortex not insensitive, moves muscles on other side of body |
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kinesthesis-muscle sense, sense of touch, just noticeable differences, two-point threshold 1/40 lifted 1/30 not lifted
Weber's Law-jnds correspond to constant fraction of a standard stimulus |
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| panpsychism-consciousness cannot be separated from physical things, all things physical are conscious |
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