Term
| What is a defining difference between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
| Major depressive disorder involves only depressive symptoms, but bipolar disorder involves both manic and depressive symptoms. |
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Term
| What is an example of recognition testing? |
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Definition
| "Is this word one of the words I showed you earlier?" |
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Term
| In a memory experiment, participants study 2 lists of unrelated words. Experimental group gets list 1, then 2, each for 3 min. Control group gets irrelevant pictures first, then list 2 for 3 min each. What results would be expected? |
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Definition
| The control group will recall more items from list 2 than the experimental group. |
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Term
| What is characterized by a long history of dramatic complaints about faked medical conditions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incorrect intervention for Encopresis? |
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Definition
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy |
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Term
| Object relations therapy is most closely related to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prosopagnosia results in an inability to do what? |
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Definition
| Detect individual differences among faces. |
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Term
| What is most likely to occur quickly when cocaine blocks the reuptake of norpinephrine and dopamine? |
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Definition
| Prolongation of the effects of norepinephrine and dopamine at the synapse. |
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Term
| Which phenomena describes the following?: A pigeon was rewarded every 20 sec. regardless of behavior. By end of experiment, frequency of pigeon's grooming responses had significantly increased. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 groups of rats are exposed to shock (US) and flashing blue light (CS). Group 1 had prior exposure to shock and light, but was at random, unrelated times. Group 2 had no prior exposure. Freezing in presence of light is CR. What happens when both groups are presented the blue light without shock? |
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Definition
| The second group will freeze, because the flashing light is a more valid predictor of shock for that group. |
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Term
| Longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs can be used to study how behavior changes as a function of age. A disadvantage of cross-sectional studies is that the results can be influenced by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A cognitive theory of gender-role development would most likely state what? |
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Definition
| Children are motivated to act in gender-consistent ways because they try to conform to their own gender schemas. |
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Term
| Research indicates that the words in the young language learner's lexicon are most likely to be what? |
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Definition
| Nouns referencing familiar objects in the environment. |
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Term
| In studies by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues, which factor tended to elicit a relatively low level of obedience? |
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Definition
| An authority figure (experimenter) in another room gave instructions to the "teacher" (participant). |
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Term
| One could use the empathy-altruism hypothesis to explain what? |
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Definition
| The foundation of reducing prejudice. |
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Term
| In a job interview, Kathy tells her prospective employer that she once found a bag of money and returned it even though she desperately needed the money to pay her rent. Kathy's behavior during the interview illustrates what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The auditory and vestibular systems are alike in that they both depend on what? |
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Definition
| Hair cells to transduce the proximal stimulus into neural activity. |
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Term
| The auditory and vestibular systems are alike in that they both depend on what? |
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Definition
| Hair cells to transduce the proximal stimulus into neural activity. |
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Term
| On a dark night, you spot a faint light, just to the right of your focal point. When you look directly at it, it disappears. Why? |
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Definition
| Rods allow you to see in poorly lit environments, and rods are not present in the fovea. |
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Term
| An experimenter who incorrectly rejects the null hypothesis commits what kind of error? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Purposive behaviorism" and "sign-gestalt learning" are used to describe the learning theory developed by which psychologist? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mary has an identical twin sister who has schizophrenia. Is she at a higher risk of developing it too, more-so than her other family members? |
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Definition
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Term
| A professor is developing a theory of personality based on B.F. Skinner's principles. The concept that will be central to this theory is what? |
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Definition
| Reinforcement contingencies. |
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Term
| Which theorist proposes confrontation, avoidance, and seeking social support as the ways people cope with anxiety? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the most common tactics in personality research is to assess traits. The most fundamental characteristic of traits is that they are what? |
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Definition
| Inferences based on behavior. |
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Term
| Attempting to describe or understand conscious experience was of LEAST importance to whom? |
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Definition
| The early behaviorists, such as John B. Watson |
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Term
| According to educational psychologists, cooperative learning involves what? |
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Definition
| Joint effort among students. |
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Term
| One of the fundamental assumptions of the behaviorist approach is what? |
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Definition
| That the probability of a behavior depends on past consequences of that behavior. |
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Term
| A 40-item vocab test was administered to a group of students. A second, similar test of vocab terms was administered to the same group approx. 1 week later. There was a correlation: r=.90. What can be stated regarding the two tests? |
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Definition
| They have strong reliability. |
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Term
| On an attitude scale, the consecutively ordered scale points 1 thru 7 represent different degrees of attitude strength, but the distance between any 2 adjacent scale points remains undetermined. This scale can be said to have the properties of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A correlation of .20 is found between education and income in a representative sample of city x. However, the correlation is not statistically significant. On the basis of this outcome alone, what conclusion is most warranted? |
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Definition
| No significant relation between education and income was established. |
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Term
| It's generally harder to parse a sentence in a passive voice, such as "The cat was chased by the dog", than a corresponding on in the active voice, such as "The dog chased the cat". However, the sentence "The elephant squashed the peanut" is no harder to process than "The peanut was squashed by the elephant". These examples provide support for what view? |
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Definition
| We use semantics as a guide to parsing. |
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Term
| Pat and Chris are eating dinner. Pat asks, "Do you have any salt?" Chris replies "Yes" and continues to eat. Psychologists who study language would say that Chris has committed which type of error? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many morphemes are there in the word "dreamers"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kevin is 12 months old and has never seen a cat. When he first sees one, Kevin seems startled, but he looks at his mother to see how she is responding. This is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lawrence Kohlberg's and Carol Gilligan's theories of moral development are driven by different values. What are they? |
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Definition
Kohlberg = Motivation
Gilligan = Rationality |
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Term
| A preschool child says, "The sun is sad today". The child is demonstrating what concept? |
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Definition
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Term
| A woman helps her daughter tie her shoes by providing a good deal of help at first, then providing less and less until the child is able to do it by herself. What is this an example of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Failure of dopamine produced in the substantia nigra to reach the basal ganglia of the cerebral hemispheres results in symptoms of tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and disturbances of posture. What is this syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Jack has an irresistible urge to check his door lock exactly 5 times before he goes to bed. Although he realizes that his behavior is excessive and irrational, he feels quite anxious unless he performs this task in exactly the same manner each night. Jack's behavior is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shannon feels helpless, worthless and apathetic and thinks her life is without meaning. What type of medication would she most likely benefit from? |
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Definition
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
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Term
| According to ethologists, fixed patterns of responses to particular classes of stimuli usually occur as a result of what? |
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Definition
| Innate releasing mechanisms |
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Term
| What part of the nervous system primarily deals with visceral muscles and glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Saltatory conduction in a neuron is a process where what happens? |
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Definition
| An action potential jumps from node to node in a myelinated axon. |
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Term
| What brain structure plays a crucial role in regulating and moderating an organism's emotional responses and learning about emotional events? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 strangers, Lisa and Henry, were both watching a large building being imploded. At the implosion they became attracted to each other and began dating. Lisa and Henry's attraction is best explained by what effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| People from collectivist cultures are more likely than people from individualistic cultures to engage in what behaviors? |
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Definition
| Defining the self in relation to others. |
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Term
| Research on social cognition best supports what conclusion? |
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Definition
| Social concepts used frequently by an individual in the past are likely to influence the individual's future social cognitions. |
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Term
| What helps us locate the direction from which a sound is coming? |
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Definition
| The sound typically reaches the two ears at different times. |
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Term
| We often perceive what we expect to perceive. The influence of expectation on perception is an example of what? *Two profiles/vase figure* |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychologists studying sensation and perception are interested in research on phantom limb pain because such research does what? |
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Definition
| Points out that pain can be perceived even when pain receptors are not being stimulated. |
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Term
| The use of "private speech" by preschool children best supports what conclusion? |
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Definition
| It can enhance children's understanding of their immediate situations and help them make decisions as they talk to themselves. |
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Term
| According to research regarding the significance of birth order during adolescence, what comment would most likely be made by a father concerning his eldest child? |
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Definition
| "I don't know where she finds the time for her homework and all of her extracurricular activities". |
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Term
| The symbolic play of children is considered very important in their development, primarily because it reflects what? |
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Definition
| The ability to have one object or concept stand for another. |
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Term
| On a test with a positively skewed distribution, one student received the mean, one received the median, and one the mode. Which score has the highest percentile ranking? |
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Definition
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Term
| A marketing company rewards associates with a bonus for every 15 surveys they complete. What schedule of reinforcement are they implementing? |
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Definition
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Term
| A father has been trying to get his son to clean up his room each week. The child was told he would not have to wash the dishes on Saturday if he did not clean his room by the end of the week. The father is using what type of learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bill obtained a raw score of 30 on the midterm exam. If the mean was 25 and standard deviation was 5, Bill's t-score would be what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is NOT an important component of Martin Fishbein and Icek Aizen's theory of reasoned action/planned behavior? |
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Definition
| Peripheral persuasion cues |
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Term
| Contemporary theories of work motivation, such as equity theory and expectancy theory, assume that what element is central to motivated behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| A theorist who concludes that predictions about behavior depend on info about the situation and traits that characterize a person assumes what type of approach? |
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Definition
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Term
| Encoding of new memories is most likely to be disrupted by damage to what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| "If you help me study for this exam, I will help you fix your car" is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Implementation of a double-blind procedure would be most difficult in studying the behavioral effects of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Research suggests that young girls who frequently watch television are more likely than other young girls to be highly gender stereotyped. We CANNOT conclude that television viewing leads to increased gender stereotyping in girls. Why? |
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Definition
| Because the study is an example of an illusory correlation. |
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Term
| The most appropriate way for researchers to assess participants' implicit memory of a short essay would be to ask them to do what? |
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Definition
| Read the essay again, and see whether the participants read it faster than a comparable, but unfamiliar, essay |
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Term
| On Tuesday, Sam had fish for dinner. On Wednesday, he didn't think about Tuesday's dinner at all. On Thursday, he thought about how good the fish had tasted on Tuesday. On Wednesday, therefore, Sam's memory of Tuesday's dinner was represented in what type of memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an essential feature of a "distributed system", such as parallel distributed processing (PDP)? |
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Definition
| New concepts are learned via connection weights that cause a pattern of activation. |
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Term
| What is a valid criticism for a study that gives participants a medication and tells them it should help them perform better on a test? |
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Definition
| Participants knew the medication was supposed to help them, so they might have tried harder on the tests. |
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Term
| What is an example of a delusion? |
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Definition
| Being erroneously convinced that one's neighbors are plotting to take over the world. |
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Term
| Research by Jerome Kagan and others has revealed that some young children have stronger physiological reactions to new situations than others. Children with these stronger physiological reactions are also more likely than other children to display what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenocortiotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug is classified as a neurotransmitter agonist. One way in which this drug could affect synaptic transmission is by doing what? |
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Definition
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Term
| James has always been physically agile and strong. During adolescence, he chooses to get involved in sport teams and other environments where his athletic skills are highly valued. This is an example of which type of genotype-environment correlation? |
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Definition
| Niche-picking (active relationships) |
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Term
| According to most cognitive therapists, psychological problems are most likely to be associated with what? |
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Definition
| Inflexible maladaptive thoughts |
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Term
| If a dye such as trypan blue is injected into the bloodstream of a rat, all the organs of the animal are stained blue with the exception of the brain. This finding is due to what? |
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Definition
| The brain is protected by a barrier that prevents the dye from penetrating it. |
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Term
| A question (How does the individual perceive his/her ability to deal effectively with the environment?) regarding an individual's performance is most directly based on who's concept of self-efficacy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What personality test is derived mainly from the personality theory developed by Carl Jung? |
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Definition
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
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Term
| Investigators of the self-serving attributional bias typically compare attributions for success and failure in terms of what dimension? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the following an example of?:
A thief harms the store clerk so he can steal the money. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the meaning of a sensitive period in development? |
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Definition
| An age period during which an influence has important, long lasting, and even permanent effects |
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Term
| A group of experts in a specialized area were able to solve complex problems in their area of expertise more effectively than a group of novices of equal general intelligence. What plausibly explains the better performances of the experts? |
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Definition
| The experts had developed superior chunking routines for processing the specialized information. |
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Term
| Research on problem solving indicates that heuristic search strategies, compared with algorithmic strategies, are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What statistical technique would a researcher most likely use to analyze data from GPAs and SAT scores of 1000 students? |
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Definition
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Term
| Magdelena has a large bilateral lesion in her orbitofrontal cortex which has caused a number of disturbances in her behavior. What symptoms are most likely to be evident in Magdelena? |
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Definition
| Although she responds appropriately to hypothetical moral dilemmas, she fails to exhibit normal social behavior in her own life. |
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Term
| A factorial design is one that has what? |
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Definition
| Two or more independent variables and no dependent variable |
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Term
| What are important characteristics of a normal distribution of a set of scores? |
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Definition
| Mean, mode, and median are identical |
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Term
| What disorder has a known organic basis? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false?:
Many children who have pervasive developmental disorders recover by age 18. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many antipsychotic medications work by blocking receptors for what neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What argument is most central to the view that innate factors have an important effect on language acquisition? |
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Definition
| Linguistic cues that are available in the environment are too limited to enable language learning. |
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Term
| Even when the best solution may be an alternative strategy, a participant tested on a new set of problems continues to apply a solution that had been applied successfully in a number of previous trials. They are exhibiting what? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Ahmet believes that his friend lied to him, so he reviews their recent conversation looking for instances in which the friend may have lied" is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A stranger steps on Mario's foot. If he commits the fundamental attribution error, he will see the cause as what? |
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Definition
| The stranger's transgression was dispositional |
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Term
| If Mario had been depressed at the time the stranger stepped on his toes, he would be less likely to commit which type of mistake in his search for the cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| A learning curve described by Clark Hull's theory of learning can be explained as what? |
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Definition
| A negatively accelerated function |
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Term
| The concept of preparedness or belongingness, as applied to animal learning or to human acquisition of phobias, refers to the idea that most individuals are what? |
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Definition
| Born with a predisposition to make some associations more readily than others. |
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Term
| Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment is a classic demonstration of the effects of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Research conducted by Kathryn Bock shows that specific syntactic constructions can prime later syntactic constructions. This indicates that people do what when speaking? |
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Definition
| Use the same sentence structures in later sentences that they heard in earlier sentences. |
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Term
| The use of what is the strongest indicator that work has been designed or redesigned according to sociotechnical principles? |
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Definition
| Self-directed teams of workers |
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Term
| Beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s, cognitive psychology became a powerful force within the field of psychology. What was a factor that helped in those years to spur this "Cognitive Revolution" forward? |
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Definition
| Development of digital computers |
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Term
| Hermann Ebbinghaus' studies of list learning were based on an assumption that most research psychologists today doubt. That assumption was what? |
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Definition
| Learning and memory improve with practice and weaken with the passage of time. |
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Term
| Severe injury to what brain area is most likely to be life threatening? |
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Definition
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Term
| What brain structure inhibits parental behavior in rodents? |
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Definition
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Term
| When he heard a child screaming, Phillip looked to see what other people were doing. Because they looked calm and unconcerned, Phillip decided that nothing needed to be done an didn't go help the child. This is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When reading, literate adults vary LEAST with regard to what? |
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Definition
| Number of letters perceived during a given eye fixation |
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Term
| 18 y.o. David received a large inheritance from his grandfather. Rather than using the money to pay for his tuition, he decided to buy a new sports car. According to Freud, David shows signs of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory is disrupted by bilateral destruction of which part of the brain? |
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Definition
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