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| A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
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Learning that certain events occur together - either as two stimuli or as a response and its consequences.
Example: Thunder always follows lightning, so we wince when we see lightning since we know what's coming. |
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| The process of learning associations |
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| Method of learning associations through which we learn to associate two stimuli, and thus to anticipate events |
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| Method of learning associations through which we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by rood results and avoid acts followed by bad results |
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| In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree that it should be an objective science, just not exclusively focused on behavior. |
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| Unconditioned response (UR) |
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| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally-occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in mouth |
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| Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response |
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| Conditioned response (CR) |
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| In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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| In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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| Higher order conditioning |
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| A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus |
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| The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a US does not follow a CS; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
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| The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses |
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| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
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| Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
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| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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| In operant conditioning, a box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |
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| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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| Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli, i.e. food, strengthening the response |
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| Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, i.e. shock. NOT punishment. |
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| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
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| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
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| Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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| Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistance to extinction that continuous reinforcement |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicatble number of responses |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
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| Variable-interval schedule |
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| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
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| An event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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