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Definition
| The unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and motives that characterize an individual |
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Term
| Two components of personality |
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Definition
-individual differences
-consistency |
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Definition
| a disposition to behave consistently in a certain way EX: friendliness, neuroticism, extraversion |
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Definition
the point at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one.
EX: Embarrassed easily= low behavioral threshold for embarrassment |
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| Nature/ Nurture of personality |
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Definition
Personality traits evolved as adaptive behavioral responses to problems regarding survival and reproduction
~ About 50% nature and 50% nurture
Includes:
- Natural selection
- Sexual selection |
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| Nature aspects of personality |
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Definition
- Shared environment
- Unshared environment (most influential)
- Error |
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Definition
| the major clinical syndromes that caused significant impairment |
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Definition
| the more long-standing personality disorders |
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Definition
the biologically based disposition to behave in certain ways
- Mother’s stress levels during pregnancy may influence her child’s stress levels later in life |
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Definition
| When anxiety is out of proportion to the situation and interferes with daily functioning; affects 29% of US population |
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Definition
Personality resides in the unconscious, and early childhood experiences lay the foundation for adult personality
- Associated with: Freud, Adler, Jung |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months; lifelong anxiety. "worry warts" |
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Definition
Three layers of consciousness:
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
Criticisms: Freud did not support his ideas with research that was replicable
Value today:
- Importance of early childhood experience
- Clinical observations (defense mechanisms)
- Symbolism |
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Term
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Definition
| brief episodes of anxiety associated with perceptions of threat. Caused by: Fear or danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, specific objects |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more |
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Definition
| a fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult should a panic attack occur |
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| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder triggered by exposure to a specific event that poses serious harm or threat |
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Definition
| contains all drives, urges, or instincts that are outside of our awareness but motivate most speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions |
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Definition
| a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation, or activity |
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Definition
| fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness |
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| Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive behavior |
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Definition
the seat of impulse and desire
**Pleasure principle |
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Definition
| origins of psych disorders as a combination of biological predispositions plus stress in the environment |
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Definition
a sense of self, in direct contact with the outside world
- Reality principle |
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Definition
| characterized by disturbances in emotional behavior that inhibit daily functioning. two major forms: depression & bipolar disorder |
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Definition
monitors and controls behaviors.
- Moralistic principle |
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Definition
| unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way |
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Definition
| the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness |
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| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, low energy, and feelings of worthlessness. > 2 consecutive weeks ** |
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Definition
| turns an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse into its opposite |
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Definition
| form of depression that is milder in intensity but longer in duration |
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Definition
the denial of particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and projections of them onto others
EX: girl loves her best guy friend but think its actually him that loves her. |
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Definition
| Abusive and extremely stressful environments, Biological dispositions, Personality traits |
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Definition
| involves expressing a socially unacceptable impulse in an acceptable way |
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| Mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low and very high moods |
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Definition
- Adler disagreed with Freud on the major motives behind behavior
- His view:
***Striving for superiority: humans naturally strive to overcome their inherent inferiorities or deficiencies
----use compensation |
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Definition
| an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency. |
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Definition
| very high mood of bipolar disorder involving: increased energy, sex drive, and sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, racing thoughts |
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Definition
| a relatively mild but long lasting form of bipolar disorder |
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Definition
Two distinct forms of unconscious:
- Personal unconscious
- Collective unconscious |
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Definition
| disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between what is real and what is imagined. |
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Definition
form that consists of all our repressed and hidden thoughts, feelings, and motives
****(similar to Freud’s interpretation) |
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| form that consists of the shared experience of our ancestors |
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Definition
| psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought and emotion, specifically with perception; Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech. |
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Definition
| ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences |
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Definition
| the female part of the male personality, the male part of the female personality, the dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves |
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Definition
| the state of tendency toward being predominantly concerned with ones own mental life |
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Definition
| the grammar makes sense but the thought process doesn’t |
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Definition
| the act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from the environment. |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by extreme splits in memory, identity, or consciousness |
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Definition
| a modern scientific movement that combines Freudian ideas with neuroscientific methods |
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Definition
| Main assumption: - We have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible - Focus on studying people who are highly functioning - Associated with: Maslow, Rogers |
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| Dissociative Identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, multiple personality disorder. Symptoms: amnesia, self-destructive behaviors, auditory hallucinations |
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Definition
**Hierarchy of needs and **self-actualization
- Fifteen characteristics, including:
Spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness
Problem-centered
Creativity
Deep interpersonal relations
Resistance to enculturation |
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Definition
| disorders that take bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases but have no medical basis |
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Definition
Differs from Maslow in using specific, measurable ways of defining self-actualization
- Based on congruence between:
***Real self
***Idea self |
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Definition
| disorder in which a person complains of multiple physical disorders that have no known medical or physical basis |
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Definition
| pervasive and debilitating fear of suffering from serious physical illness. > 6 months * |
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Definition
modern movement based on the work of Maslow and Rogers that focuses on positive states and experiences
- E.g., optimism, hope, creativity, spirituality |
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Definition
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| Social Cognitive learning theories |
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Definition
Main assumption:
- a persons behavior changes in different situations
Associated with:
- Mischel
Stanford Marshmallow experiment
- Give kids a marshmallow, and tell them if they wait they can get another.
- Only 25-30% of kids were able to wait |
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Term
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Definition
Main assumption:
- Traits are the major force behind personality
- What traits are important in personality?
Started with: Alport
Associated with:
- McCrae and Costa |
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Term
| Personality disorders (PD’s) |
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Definition
| patterns of maladaptive and inflexible cognition, emotions, and behavior. Three clusters: odd-eccentric, dramatic-emotional, anxious-fearful |
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Definition
| characterized by: avoid close relationships, emotional aloofness, reclusive, and lack of humor |
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Definition
| characterized by: live in isolation without social contact and odd thoughts/beliefs; magical thinking |
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Term
| Big five/five-factor model |
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Definition
a theory that proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism |
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Definition
| characterized by extreme suspicions of others |
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Definition
| characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and dramatic behaviors |
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Definition
| characterized by emotional instability, fear of abandonment, and alternations between idealizing and despising others |
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Definition
| characterized by having an extremely positive and arrogant self-image and being self-centered |
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Definition
| characterized by impulsivity, deception, violence, ruthlessness and callous behaviors toward others |
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Term
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Definition
Main assumption:
-We have a biological foundation for our personality traits
Associated with:
- Eysenck
Three dimensions of personality:
- Neuroticism
- Extraversion
- Psychoticism: Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness
Personality is caused by:
-Genes
-Neurochemistry
-Central Nervous system |
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Definition
| characterized by extreme fear of being criticized, low self-esteem, and avoidance of social interaction |
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Definition
| characterized by fear of being rejected and a strong need to be cared for |
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Definition
Four methods:
- Behavioral observations
- Interviewing
- Projective tests
- Personality questionnaires |
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Definition
| characterized by rigid habits and extreme perfectionism |
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Definition
Observe behavior and count specific behaviors associated with specific traits
**E.g., aggression, friendliness, anxiety |
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Definition
| Measure of how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters |
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Term
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Definition
Most natural and comfortable technique
Open-ended answers
- Great for participant
- Bad for researcher |
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Definition
| commonly prescribed anxiolytic that produces calming effects; treats anxiety |
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Definition
Participants are presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret or tell a story about what they see
EX: Rorschach Inkblot test |
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Term
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Definition
| another commonly prescribed anxiolytic treating anxiety; higher overdose risk |
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Term
| Personality questionnaires |
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Definition
| Self-report instruments on which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of statements as they apply to their personalities |
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Term
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Definition
| a salt that is effective in stabilizing mania; treats bipolar disorder |
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| Rational method for developing questionnaires |
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Definition
| a method for developing questionnaire items that involves using reason or theory |
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Term
| Empirical method for developing questionnaires |
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Definition
| a method that focuses on including questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is indented to distinguish. |
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Definition
| treats schizophrenia; drug that diminishes hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia by blocking dopamine receptors |
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| Traditional antipsychotics |
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Definition
| treats schizophrenia; phenothiazines and haloperidol; first drugs used to manage psychotic symptoms |
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Definition
| repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, face and mouth |
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Definition
| treats tardive dyskinesia; blocks dopamine receptors |
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| Combined approaches for treatment |
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Definition
Drugs and psychotherapy
- Most effective in treating depression:
***SSRIs and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Term
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Definition
| eclectic approach using treatment approaches from various types of psychotherapy |
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Definition
| surgery in which the connections between the PFC and lower portion of the brain are severed |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| involves passing an electrical current through a persons brain to cause a seizure |
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| Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) |
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Definition
- Combines CBT with mindfulness meditation
- Teaches clients to recognize thoughts without judgment and to restructure them |
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Definition
| Use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviors or thought patterns (or both); Freud |
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Term
| Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) |
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Definition
- Similar to MBCT minus meditation
- Used for treating borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| Psychotherapy approach oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives |
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Definition
- running around the lake to get dry story
- Some people take longer but it works for everyone, everyone wins in the end |
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Definition
| when symptoms are related to unconscious emotional events |
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Definition
| Several people who share a common problem meet together regularly with a therapist |
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Definition
| force that prevents the active re-experiencing of a traumatic memory; Freud's most proud finding |
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Term
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Definition
Meeting of people who share a common situation
-Disorder
-Disease
May not be led by a therapist
Less structured than group therapy |
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Definition
| Force that blocks free association; What is being repressed and why? |
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| Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning
- Encourages reappraisal of potential emotional threats |
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Definition
| any therapies that work to restructure irrational thought patterns |
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Definition
| Takings an image or idea from a dream and saying whatever comes to mind from image or idea |
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Definition
| Translation of images from dreams into what they represent in the real world |
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Definition
Assumptions:
- Maladaptive behaviors are a product of learning
- These behaviors can be unlearned
- Focus on changing behaviors, rather than thoughts, feelings, or motives
- Use principles of classical and operant conditioning |
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Definition
| reacting to a person in a present relationship as though they were someone from the patients past |
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Definition
- Desired behaviors are positively reinforced with tokens
- Tokens can be saved and exchanged for privileges
** Behavioral treatment |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
- Pairing of relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to a phobic object
- EX: Picture of little spider to sleeping with spider sheets
***Behavioral treatment |
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Term
| Flooding (Systematic desensitization) |
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Definition
| flood person with fear to help them realize that fear is irrational |
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| Humanistic positive therapy |
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Definition
- Developed by Carl Rogers (1902-1987) in the 1950’s
- Disorders are a result of loss of self-worth
***From worrying about what other people think |
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Term
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Definition
Therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the client
Goals:
- To create an atmosphere of trust and understanding, rather than judgment
- To help the client reach his/her greatest potential
***humanistic positive theory |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic therapy historical significance |
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Definition
Legacy:
- Physical symptoms as a result of psychological distress
- Role of unconscious processes
- Original form of “talk therapy”
Weaknesses:
- based on small sample of patients
- Theoretical concepts based on speculation, rather than empirical evidence
- Intolerance of criticism of theories |
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