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Psych Final
Longwood Intro to Psych
179
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2015

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Freud said phobia were________ whereas Watson said phobias were_______.
Definition
repressed and learned
Term
Which founding contributor to psychology helped develop behaviorism?
Definition
Watson and Pavlov
Term
Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?
Definition
Pituitary
Term
The goals of psychology are to ______________
Definition
explain,. predict and control behavior
Term
The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which of the following goals of psychology?
Definition
control
Term
Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum is parts?”
Definition
Gestalt
Term
“Why is it happening” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
Definition
1. explain
Term
“When will it happen” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
Definition
1. predict
Term
"What is happening" refers to which of the following goals of psychology?
Definition
1. description
Term
The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.
Definition
Nervous System
Term
The peripheral nervous system consists of the _____ and ________ nervous systems
Definition
Somatic and autonomic
Term
Insertion into the brain of a thin insulated wire through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells
Definition
lesioning
Term
Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
A brain imaging method that takes compulse-controlled X-rays of the brain is called _______.
Definition
CT Scan
Term
What are the two main functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Sending and receiving information
Term
Tastes receptors are found where?
Definition
Taste Buds
Term
Where does the olfactory stimulus travel from?
Definition
Olfactory bulb
Term
What is also known as the sense of smell?
Definition
Olfaction
Term
9.________________occur when special receptors in the sense organs – the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds – are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.
Definition
Sensation
Term
Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called ________.
Definition
Sensation
Term
Suppose Maria is painting while the sun is setting; once she notices that the room is getting darker, she decides to call it quits for the day. This example illustrates the role of ________.
Definition
just like noticeable difference
Term
Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are _________.
Definition
waves and particles
Term
If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue lights together by focusing lights of those three colors on one common spot, the result would look _________.
Definition
light white
Term
The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the _______ Theory.
Definition
Trichromatic
Term
Who actually found three types of cones in the retina?
Definition
Brown and Wald
Term
According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are ________.
Definition
red-green
blue-yellow
Term
Sound waves are simply ________.
Definition
vibrations of air surrounding us
Term
Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color, or blue, of light?
Definition
pitch
Term
What is the basic function of the outer ear?
Definition
to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the ear drum
Term
What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?
Definition
Consciousness
Term
Consciousness is the ________.
Definition
awareness of ourselves and environment
Term
According to the ________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among different neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness
Definition
cognitive neuroscience
Term
The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ________.
Definition
waking consciousness
Term
Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as
Definition
altered state of consciousness
Term
What used to be called “the gentle tyrant”?
Definition
sleep
Term
What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?
Definition
organ in the brain that effects brain sensitive to light that causes sleep
Term
A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle
Definition
circadian cycle
Term
REM sleep refers to ________.
Definition
sleep periods in which eyes move rapidly
Term
If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?
Definition
S1
Term
A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________.
Definition
insomnia
Term
The difference between insomnia and apnea is ________.
Definition
breathing
Term
________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, gasp, and momentarily awaken.
Definition
sleep apnea
Term
Freud believed that dreams ________.
Definition
unconsciousness conflicts
Term
Psychoactive drugs are drugs that are________.
Definition
capable of influence thinking
Term
Memory is defined as an active system that consists of several processes. They are _________.
Definition
receiving information from the senses, putting it into a useable form, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage.
Term
_________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a useable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
Definition
Memory
Term
The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of _________ model of memory.
Definition
information processing
Term
In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, information is_________.
Definition
simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain.
Term
Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that _________.
Definition
studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing.
Term
The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________.
Definition
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Term
Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?
Definition
Sensory Memory
Term
You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in _________.
Definition
iconic sensory memory
Term
Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of _________.
Definition
selective attention
Term
According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder?
Definition
Working memory
Term
What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)?
Definition
Elaborative and maintenance
Term
Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?
Definition
long-term memory
Term
Encoding specificity refers to _________.
Definition
increased quality of memory when retrieval conditions are similar to encoding conditions
Term
Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as _________.
Definition
constructive processing
Term
In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ________.
Definition
heuristics
Term
Danica is working on a research paper for her graduate course in applied geology. The paper has to be at least 30 pages long. Instead of sitting down and trying to compose 30 pages, she constructs an outline and writes the paper one section at a time. In cognitive psychology, Danica is using the ________ heuristic.
Definition
subgoals
Term
A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
Definition
functional fixedness
Term
The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ________.
Definition
creativity
Term
The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist’s working definition of ________.
Definition
intelligence
Term
Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ________.
Definition
are placed on a normal bell curve
Term
What is the formal definition of intellectual disability?
Definition
adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person's age
Term
________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views, though the research supporting this claim has been mixed.
Definition
Emotional
Term
A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called ________.
Definition
language
Term
The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ________.
Definition
grammar
Term
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called ________.
Definition
human development
Term
In a _______design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
Definition
longitudinal
Term
A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the _______ method.
Definition
cross-sectional design
Term
_______ refers to heredity and _______ refers to environmental influences.
Definition
nature; nurture
Term
A(n) _______ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines
Definition
gene
Term
How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body?
Definition
23
Term
What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person’s actions?
Definition
Sub-behavioral genetics
Term
A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _______ gene.
Definition
dominant gene
Term
At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg, creating a new cell called a(n) _______.
Definition
zygote
Term
Ovum is a term used to describe the _______.
Definition
female sex cell or egg
Term
Shelley and Julie are mothers who both have a three-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, “My son is so fussy,” to which Julie replies, “That’s funny—my son is so easy.” It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns’ _______.
Definition
temperments
Term
Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________.
Definition
for external reward
Term
In their earlier attempts to explain motivation, psychologists were inclined to attributing it to ________.
Definition
instincts
Term
The need for ________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals
Definition
achievement
Term
According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________.
Definition
personality factors
Term
A stimulus motive is one that appears to be ________.
Definition
unlearned
Term
The Yerkes-Dodson Law says ________.
Definition
performance is affected by levels of arousal
Term
Things that attract or lure people to action are ________.
Definition
incentives
Term
________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging
Definition
stress
Term
________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors.
Definition
distress
Term
________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.
Definition
eustress
Term
Sexual ________ refers to enduring sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex, the other sex, or both.
Definition
orientation
Term
The concept of “comfort food” suggests that eating ________.
Definition
may be influenced by social factors
Term
Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______.
Definition
other people around us
Term
Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______.
Definition
the influences of the social world in which we exist
Term
Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.
Definition
compliance
Term
Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon
Definition
foot-in-the-door
Term
What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people?
Definition
interpersonal attraction
Term
What is a difference between obedience and conformity?
Definition
In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request
Term
A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.
Definition
an attitude
Term
What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?
Definition
impression formation
Term
Attributions are ________.
Definition
explanations that account for one's behaviors and/or the behaviors of others
Term
How does the jigsaw classroom operate?
Definition
students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem
Term
Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________.
Definition
for external reward
Term
In their earlier attempts to explain motivation, psychologists were inclined to attributing it to ________.
Definition
instincts
Term
The need for ________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals
Definition
achievement
Term
According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________.
Definition
personality factors
Term
A stimulus motive is one that appears to be ________.
Definition
unlearned
Term
The Yerkes-Dodson Law says ________.
Definition
performance is affected by levels of arousal
Term
Things that attract or lure people to action are ________.
Definition
incentives
Term
________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging
Definition
stress
Term
________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors.
Definition
distress
Term
________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.
Definition
eustress
Term
Sexual ________ refers to enduring sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex, the other sex, or both.
Definition
orientation
Term
The concept of “comfort food” suggests that eating ________.
Definition
may be influenced by social factors
Term
Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______.
Definition
other people around us
Term
Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______.
Definition
the influences of the social world in which we exist
Term
Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.
Definition
compliance
Term
Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon
Definition
foot-in-the-door
Term
What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people?
Definition
interpersonal attraction
Term
What is a difference between obedience and conformity?
Definition
In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request
Term
A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.
Definition
an attitude
Term
What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?
Definition
impression formation
Term
Attributions are ________.
Definition
explanations that account for one's behaviors and/or the behaviors of others
Term
How does the jigsaw classroom operate?
Definition
students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem
Term
The unique ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called
Definition
personality
Term
Sigmund Freud’s theory came at a time in history when the predominant attitude toward sex was
Definition
repressed
Term
Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to
Definition
sex
Term
Freud believed that the _____ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality
Definition
unconscious mind
Term
A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a
Definition
type A personality
Term
Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from strict interpretation of Freud’s theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud’s work?
Definition
Neo-Freudians
Term
Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the _______ and the ______.
Definition
personal; collective
Term
Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?
Definition
OCEAN
Term
Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality?
Definition
Erik Erikson
Term
For the behaviorist, personality is a set of learned responses or______.
Definition
habits
Term
Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of______.
Definition
classical and operant conditioning and observational learning
Term
Ruth-Ann just graduated from high school; she is trying out for the soccer team at the college that she will attend in the fall. She knows that it will be more competitive than her high school team, but she believes in her ability to succeed and plans to practice all summer. Bandura would say that Ruth might have an edge over some competitors simply because she has
Definition
High self-efficacy
Term
________ theory is called the “third force” in personality theory.
Definition
Humanistic
Term
What do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common?
Definition
they believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny
Term
In Carl Rogers’s theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ________.
Definition
Self-Concept
Term
What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behavior?
Definition
Psychopathology
Term
Archaeologists have found skulls from as long ago as 3000 B.C. that bear evidence of an ancient surgical technique, in which holes were cut into the skulls of live individuals in an attempt to release demons from the possessed victim. This process is called
Definition
Trephining
Term
You are a contestant on Jeopardy! and it is your turn. You say to Alex, “I’ll take Ancient Explanations of Mental Illness for $100.” The answer is, “His was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process.” The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say
Definition
Who is Hippocrates
Term
For those people in the Middle Ages who believed abnormal behavior resulted from spirit possession, the treatment of choice was
Definition
Exorcism
Term
The _______ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes.
Definition
Biological Model
Term
A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as
Definition
Dissociative Amnesia
Term
The biological model views psychological disorders as resulting from
Definition
Physiological causes
Term
The psychodynamic model holds that abnormal behavior is the result of
Definition
repressed thoughts
Term
According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of
Definition
a set of learned responses
Term
The most recent version of the DSM is the
Definition
DSDM-5
Term
The primary purpose of the DSM is
Definition
to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological
Term
What is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder in the United States?
Definition
Major Depressive Disorder
Term
Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of
Definition
Anxiety Disorders
Term
The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called
Definition
Psychotherapy
Term
Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s motives and actions are referred to as
Definition
insight therapies
Term
The major goal of insight therapies is to give people
Definition
a clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions
Term
Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by
Definition
Sigmund Feud
Term
Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients’ unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients’ disordered emotions and behavior. This therapist is most likely using ________
Definition
Psychoanalysis
Term
_______formed a large part of Freud’s psychoanalytic method
Definition
Dream Interpretation
Term
Person-centered therapy is a type of _______
Definition
Insight therapy
Term
______is credited with developing person-centered therapy.
Definition
Carl Rogers
Term
What is the key component of Rogers’s person-centered therapy?
Definition
Unconditional Positive Regard
Term
What type of therapy emphasizes people’s potential for growth and the importance of an empathetic therapist?
Definition
Person-centered
Term
What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors?
Definition
Learning
Term
The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behaviors is called
Definition
Behavior Modification
Term
The basic goal of systematic desensitization is
Definition
relax individuals in the presence of a feared object or situation
Term
Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is
Definition
Cognitive Therapy
Term
Beck’s cognitive therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of
Definition
Depression
Term
_______ therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some of the symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral
Term
A type of therapy in which several clients meet regularly to discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is called
Definition
Group Therapy
Term
Family counseling is a form of
Definition
Group Therapy
Term
A goal of family therapy is to improve family communication and interaction and An advantage to group therapy is that groups
Definition
Improve family communication and interaction; are a source of social and emotional support.
Term
What person might benefit the MOST from a group therapy environment?
Definition
Sociable
Term
What is one of the top complaints that students bring to college or university counseling centers?
Definition
anxiety
Term
The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the
Definition
Therapeutic Alliance between client and therapist
Term
Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, and noninvasive stimulation techniques are all types of
Definition
Biomedical therapy
Term
Lulu sees a professional once a month to manage the medication she is taking to help alleviate the symptoms of her anxiety disorder. The type of treatment Lulu is undergoing is called
Definition
Psychopharmacology
Term
Antipsychotic drugs treat symptoms such as
Definition
hallucinations delusions, and bizarre behaviors
Term
A treatment for severe depression in which an electric shock is delivered to the patient, resulting in a seizure of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain, is called
Definition
electroconvulsive therapy
Term
In the wake of the recent BP oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, there has been an increase in reported cases of _________. Some researchers are finding that virtual reality exposure therapy has helped with the treatment of these problems.
Definition
post-traumatic stress disorder
Term
What is one of the top complaints that students bring to college or university counseling centers?
Definition
Anxiety
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