Term
| Freud said phobia were________ whereas Watson said phobias were_______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which founding contributor to psychology helped develop behaviorism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| The goals of psychology are to ______________ |
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Definition
| explain,. predict and control behavior |
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Term
| The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which of the following goals of psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of early psychologist believed that “the whole is more than the sum is parts?” |
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Definition
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Term
| “Why is it happening” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| “When will it happen” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| "What is happening" refers to which of the following goals of psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The peripheral nervous system consists of the _____ and ________ nervous systems |
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Definition
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Term
| Insertion into the brain of a thin insulated wire through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| A brain imaging method that takes compulse-controlled X-rays of the brain is called _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main functions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Sending and receiving information |
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Term
| Tastes receptors are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the olfactory stimulus travel from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is also known as the sense of smell? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9.________________occur when special receptors in the sense organs – the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds – are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Suppose Maria is painting while the sun is setting; once she notices that the room is getting darker, she decides to call it quits for the day. This example illustrates the role of ________. |
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Definition
| just like noticeable difference |
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Term
| Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue lights together by focusing lights of those three colors on one common spot, the result would look _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the _______ Theory. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who actually found three types of cones in the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sound waves are simply ________. |
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Definition
| vibrations of air surrounding us |
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Term
| Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color, or blue, of light? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basic function of the outer ear? |
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Definition
| to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the ear drum |
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Term
| What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Consciousness is the ________. |
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Definition
| awareness of ourselves and environment |
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Term
| According to the ________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among different neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness |
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Definition
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Term
| The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as |
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Definition
| altered state of consciousness |
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Term
| What used to be called “the gentle tyrant”? |
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Definition
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Term
| What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night? |
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Definition
| organ in the brain that effects brain sensitive to light that causes sleep |
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Term
| A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| REM sleep refers to ________. |
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Definition
| sleep periods in which eyes move rapidly |
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Term
| If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between insomnia and apnea is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, gasp, and momentarily awaken. |
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Definition
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Term
| Freud believed that dreams ________. |
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Definition
| unconsciousness conflicts |
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs are drugs that are________. |
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Definition
| capable of influence thinking |
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Term
| Memory is defined as an active system that consists of several processes. They are _________. |
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Definition
| receiving information from the senses, putting it into a useable form, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage. |
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Term
| _________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a useable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. |
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Definition
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Term
| The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of _________ model of memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, information is_________. |
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Definition
| simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain. |
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Term
| Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that _________. |
|
Definition
| studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing. |
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Term
| The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________. |
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Definition
| encoding, storage, and retrieval. |
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Term
| Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? |
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Definition
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Term
| You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)? |
|
Definition
| Elaborative and maintenance |
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Term
| Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Encoding specificity refers to _________. |
|
Definition
| increased quality of memory when retrieval conditions are similar to encoding conditions |
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Term
| Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Danica is working on a research paper for her graduate course in applied geology. The paper has to be at least 30 pages long. Instead of sitting down and trying to compose 30 pages, she constructs an outline and writes the paper one section at a time. In cognitive psychology, Danica is using the ________ heuristic. |
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Definition
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Term
| A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist’s working definition of ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ________. |
|
Definition
| are placed on a normal bell curve |
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|
Term
| What is the formal definition of intellectual disability? |
|
Definition
| adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person's age |
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Term
| ________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views, though the research supporting this claim has been mixed. |
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Definition
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Term
| A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a _______design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the _______ method. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ refers to heredity and _______ refers to environmental influences. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A(n) _______ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person’s actions? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a _______ gene. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg, creating a new cell called a(n) _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ovum is a term used to describe the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Shelley and Julie are mothers who both have a three-month-old infant. Shelley tells Julie, “My son is so fussy,” to which Julie replies, “That’s funny—my son is so easy.” It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns’ _______. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In their earlier attempts to explain motivation, psychologists were inclined to attributing it to ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The need for ________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A stimulus motive is one that appears to be ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Yerkes-Dodson Law says ________. |
|
Definition
| performance is affected by levels of arousal |
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|
Term
| Things that attract or lure people to action are ________. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sexual ________ refers to enduring sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex, the other sex, or both. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concept of “comfort food” suggests that eating ________. |
|
Definition
| may be influenced by social factors |
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|
Term
| Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. |
|
Definition
| the influences of the social world in which we exist |
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|
Term
| Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a difference between obedience and conformity? |
|
Definition
| In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request |
|
|
Term
| A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attributions are ________. |
|
Definition
| explanations that account for one's behaviors and/or the behaviors of others |
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|
Term
| How does the jigsaw classroom operate? |
|
Definition
| students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem |
|
|
Term
| Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In their earlier attempts to explain motivation, psychologists were inclined to attributing it to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The need for ________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stimulus motive is one that appears to be ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Yerkes-Dodson Law says ________. |
|
Definition
| performance is affected by levels of arousal |
|
|
Term
| Things that attract or lure people to action are ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sexual ________ refers to enduring sexual attraction toward members of one’s own sex, the other sex, or both. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concept of “comfort food” suggests that eating ________. |
|
Definition
| may be influenced by social factors |
|
|
Term
| Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. |
|
Definition
| the influences of the social world in which we exist |
|
|
Term
| Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a difference between obedience and conformity? |
|
Definition
| In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request |
|
|
Term
| A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attributions are ________. |
|
Definition
| explanations that account for one's behaviors and/or the behaviors of others |
|
|
Term
| How does the jigsaw classroom operate? |
|
Definition
| students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem |
|
|
Term
| The unique ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sigmund Freud’s theory came at a time in history when the predominant attitude toward sex was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Freud believed that the _____ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from strict interpretation of Freud’s theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud’s work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the _______ and the ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neo-Freudian theorist believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the behaviorist, personality is a set of learned responses or______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of______. |
|
Definition
| classical and operant conditioning and observational learning |
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|
Term
| Ruth-Ann just graduated from high school; she is trying out for the soccer team at the college that she will attend in the fall. She knows that it will be more competitive than her high school team, but she believes in her ability to succeed and plans to practice all summer. Bandura would say that Ruth might have an edge over some competitors simply because she has |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ theory is called the “third force” in personality theory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common? |
|
Definition
| they believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny |
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|
Term
| In Carl Rogers’s theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Archaeologists have found skulls from as long ago as 3000 B.C. that bear evidence of an ancient surgical technique, in which holes were cut into the skulls of live individuals in an attempt to release demons from the possessed victim. This process is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are a contestant on Jeopardy! and it is your turn. You say to Alex, “I’ll take Ancient Explanations of Mental Illness for $100.” The answer is, “His was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process.” The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For those people in the Middle Ages who believed abnormal behavior resulted from spirit possession, the treatment of choice was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The biological model views psychological disorders as resulting from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The psychodynamic model holds that abnormal behavior is the result of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of |
|
Definition
| a set of learned responses |
|
|
Term
| The most recent version of the DSM is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary purpose of the DSM is |
|
Definition
| to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly diagnosed psychological disorder in the United States? |
|
Definition
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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|
Term
| Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s motives and actions are referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major goal of insight therapies is to give people |
|
Definition
| a clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions |
|
|
Term
| Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients’ unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients’ disordered emotions and behavior. This therapist is most likely using ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______formed a large part of Freud’s psychoanalytic method |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Person-centered therapy is a type of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______is credited with developing person-centered therapy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key component of Rogers’s person-centered therapy? |
|
Definition
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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|
Term
| What type of therapy emphasizes people’s potential for growth and the importance of an empathetic therapist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behaviors is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic goal of systematic desensitization is |
|
Definition
| relax individuals in the presence of a feared object or situation |
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|
Term
| Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beck’s cognitive therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some of the symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral |
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|
Term
| A type of therapy in which several clients meet regularly to discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Family counseling is a form of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A goal of family therapy is to improve family communication and interaction and An advantage to group therapy is that groups |
|
Definition
| Improve family communication and interaction; are a source of social and emotional support. |
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|
Term
| What person might benefit the MOST from a group therapy environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the top complaints that students bring to college or university counseling centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the |
|
Definition
| Therapeutic Alliance between client and therapist |
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|
Term
| Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, and noninvasive stimulation techniques are all types of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lulu sees a professional once a month to manage the medication she is taking to help alleviate the symptoms of her anxiety disorder. The type of treatment Lulu is undergoing is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antipsychotic drugs treat symptoms such as |
|
Definition
| hallucinations delusions, and bizarre behaviors |
|
|
Term
| A treatment for severe depression in which an electric shock is delivered to the patient, resulting in a seizure of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain, is called |
|
Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy |
|
|
Term
| In the wake of the recent BP oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, there has been an increase in reported cases of _________. Some researchers are finding that virtual reality exposure therapy has helped with the treatment of these problems. |
|
Definition
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the top complaints that students bring to college or university counseling centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
