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Definition
| Science of behavior and mental processes |
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| Describe, explain, control, & predict behavior and mental processes |
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- Hypothesis: A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. (formed before research)
- Theory: Explanation that organizes observations and predicts behaviors and events.
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| What do psychologists do? |
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Definition
Research
a. Pure Research: Trying to find out how something happens
b. Applied Research: Find solutions to specific problems.
Practice: Gain knowledge to help change behaviors.
Teach: Classrooms, seminars, & workshops. |
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| clinical, counseling, school, education, developmental, personality, social, environmental, experimental, cognitive, industrial and organization, human factors, consumer, health, sports, and forensic. |
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| Diagnoses severity of mental illnesses & behavior problems and help ppl adjust to demands of life. |
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| Improving relationships and deals with divorce and grief. |
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| Identify and assist students w/ learning probs and places them in special classes. |
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| Facilitates learning and works w/ teachers . Effects of teaching and learning styles. |
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| Genetic and environmental growth of an individual's life span. This includes cognitive, social, & personality changes. |
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| Identify and measure traits & characteristics. Includes Introverts vs. extroverted ppl. |
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| Individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a situation. (Prejudice, racism, sexism, social influence, etc.) |
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| Environment's effect on human behavior and visa versa. |
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| Pure research, sensation & perception, thought, motivation, and learning and memory. |
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| Internal mental processes like problem solving, attention, memory(visual), and language. |
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| Industrial and organizational psych |
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| Behavior of ppl in workplace. Work to improve performance. |
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| How the brain works and interface tech. |
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| Behavior of shoppers & advertising. |
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| How specific life styles, attitudes, & behaviors lead to health problems. A fairly new field of psych. |
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| Consult w/ athletes and help performance(under pressure). Not as many careers in this field. |
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| Applied psych to justice system. Study criminal behavior and victims. |
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| 8 principles of critical thinking |
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Definition
Take nothing for granted
Be skeptical
Assume
Be cautious when drawing conclusions
Don't generalize
Don't over simplify
Don't believe info just becuz it's in print or comes from authority
Examine definitions & terms |
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Term
| Define sample. population, representative, & generalization using 1936 poll. |
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Definition
Sample(specific ppl studied): Telephone owners
Population(entire group): Registered voters
Representatives: Those who participated represent the majority.
Generalization: Thinking that everyone owns a telephone
The problem: The majority of republicans own telephones. FDR actually won, not Alf Landon(who only won 8 electoral votes) |
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| Draw a graph of the correlation between lvl of stress & immune system |
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Definition
[image]
Something similar to this |
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| Define Independent variable and Dependent variable |
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Definition
IV: Manipulated to figure out effects
DV: Outcome factor |
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| Summarize Phineas Gage: Damage area and implication |
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Definition
Railroad rod thru cheek to frontal lobe(clean thru).
Could've died 7 different ways.
Effected decisions, reasoning, primitive behaviors, goals, and changed his personality from leader and respected to rude and lack of leadership skills. |
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Term
| What is the resting potential of a neuron? What does it mean to be at rest? |
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Definition
-70mV
At rest: excess of -ions w/in neuron |
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Name opposing anatomical directions
Anterior :
Superior :
Medial : |
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Definition
Anterior : posterior
Superior : Inferior
Medial : Lateral |
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Definition
[image]
Something like this |
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| What is severed in commisurotomy ? |
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Definition
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| Why do PET scans have poor temporal resolution? |
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Definition
| PET scans only detect where neurons generate, not when they generate. |
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Term
| Describe the gorilla study and define selective attention |
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Definition
Participants supposed to press key after blank t-shirt passed ball. Participant + focus = failure to notice gorilla pounding its chest in mid of group.
Selective attention: Becoming so focus on an object or action, that it is easy to not notice other things going on. |
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| Can hypnosis force ppl to act against their will? |
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Definition
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| Your friend tells you they are paying out of pocket to see a therapist to analyze their dreams. |
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Definition
| It most likely isn't in their best interest to pay for dream interpretations because dreams are usually caused memories of that day or traumatic events. They do not mean anything pertaining to destiny or the future. |
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| Answer like an evolutionary psych: Boat is sinking, save 1yr old or 4 yr old? |
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Definition
| 4 yr old, because the child is less dependent on others for survival than the 1 yr old. |
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Definition
| Connections made during puberty that can be either strengthened or decreased. |
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| 3 main examples of peer influence |
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Definition
slang
type of food eaten
similar interests (smoking, texting, etc) |
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Definition
| children learn gender-lined behaviors by observing, imitating, and by being rewarded or punished. |
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| Define schema, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence, conservation |
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Definition
schema: concepts or molds which we pour our experiences.
assimilation: interpreting experiences on the terms of established schemas.
accommodation: Adapting schemas to new info.
obj. perm: awareness that objects still continue to exist when not perceived.
Conservation: quantity remains the same despite change in shape. |
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Term
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Definition
Authoritarian: obedience and strict rules
Authoritative: demanding, but empathetic
Passive: submit to child's desires |
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| Describe top-down and bottom-up processing |
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Definition
Top-down: Drawing info from past info of experience and expectation.
Bottom-up: Begins w/ sensory receptors then moves to brain's integration of sensory info. |
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Definition
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Define parts of the eye:
Retina
Rod
Cone
Optic Nerve
Blind Spot |
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Definition
Retina: Multilayer tissue under eyeball's surface
Rod: Detect neutrals
Cone: Detect color and detail
Optic nerve: Carries messages from eye to brain
Blind spot: Where the optic nerve leaves the eye. There are no receptor cells here. |
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Describe tri-chromatic theory of color
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Definition
| retina contains 3 different color receptors: red, blue, and green. They can produced any color combination when combined themselves |
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| What is the Ames Room illusion? What does it break? |
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Definition
| A room that is distorted to make one person look smaller than the other. The perception of size is broken. |
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Term
Dog salivation and bell
NS, UCR, UCS, CS, & CR |
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Definition
Natural stimulus: food = salivation
UCR: Salivate
UCS: Meat
CR: Salivation (due to bell)
CS: Bell tone |
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| personal example of learning by observation. |
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Definition
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| What are mirror neurons? What do they have to do w/ learning by observation? |
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Definition
| Mirror neurons, located in the frontal lobe, activate that allows imitation and observational learning. "Monkey see, monkey do." |
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Term
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Definition
5.4 million America's are living w/ Alz
6th leading cause of death in the US
It cannot be prevented
Deaths from Alz have increased by 66%
every 69 seconds, someone develops Alz |
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Term
Serial position effect? Define items early, mid, and late?
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Definition
Serial Pos: tendency to recall first, last, and most memorable on list
Early: primacy effect
late: recency effect
mid: serial position |
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Term
| Ex of failure of retrieval & compare it to looking online |
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Definition
| Not being able to recall a specific memory from storage. Sometimes computers are slow to obtaining info when other things are going on at once. |
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| describe Fig. 8.23: What does it say about memory?[image] |
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Definition
| The mind can create fake memories that seem just as realistic as any other memory. |
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Term
| APA's stance on repressed/recovered memories? |
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Definition
memories before age 3 are unreliable
Cannot be recovered under hypnosis or drugs
Both real and fake memories can be equally upsetting or joyful
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Term
| What is a mnemonic device? |
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Definition
Memory aids, especially vivid imagery and organizational devices
One I used to study: Repeated use of flash cards
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Term
| What is representativeness heuristic? Example? |
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Definition
| The way we categorize a situation based on patterns of previous experiences and beliefs about the scenario. Ex) Choosing a professor over a truck driver to be short, slim, and a poetry reader. |
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Definition
| Presuming events to be common based on their availability. Ex) Person from ethnic group commits terrorist act = impression on entire ethnic group. |
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| Describe gender differences / similarities in spelling, verbal, and empathy |
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Definition
Spelling: Females spell better
Verbal: Females excel
Empathy: Females are more sensitive to emotion |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors. |
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Term
| Describe central vs peripheral persuasion |
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Definition
Central: Attitude change in which one becomes focused on the arguments and respond w/ favorable thoughts.
Peripheral: Attitude change to incidental cues and make snap judgments
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| Describe Asch study & discuss factors that strengthen conformity (4 factors) |
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Definition
- One feel incompetent and insecure
- One admires the group's status
- At least 3 ppl
- The group is unanimous
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Term
| Describe Milgrim's teach-learner experiment |
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Definition
- Teacher: The one being experimented on and "delivers" the shocks
- Learner: Is in on the experiment and "receives" the shocks
- Authority: Ppl are more easily influenced when told to do something by someone they believe is superior.
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| Similarity? Predict about physical attraction? |
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Definition
- "Birds of a feather flock together"
- Ppl like to feel secure w/ their own self-image
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| Give personal example of bystander effect of did not help |
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