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Psych Final
Mark Lynn
93
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
*Anxiety Disorders
Definition
- generalized
- panic disorder
- phobias
- OCD
- PTSD
Term
*Psychological Disorders
Definition
- persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions
- deviant
- distressful
- dysfunctional
Term
*Deviant
Definition
in one culture, behavior like going naked may be considered normal, but get you arrested in another country
Term
*Ancient Treatment of PDs
Definition
- trepidation
- exorcism
- being caged
Term
*Who insisted that madness was due to an ailment of the mind, not possession?
Definition
Philippe Phinel
Term
*The Medical Model of Treating PDs
Definition
- etiology: cause and development of disorder
- diagnosis: identify symptoms and disease
- treatment
- prognosis: forecast a/t disorder
Term
*Biopsych Approach to PDs
Definition
- assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce PDs
Term
*DSM-IV-TR
Definition
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
- 400 PDs
Term
*Multiaxial Classification of PDs
Definition
- Axis 1: Clinical syndrome present?
- Axis 2: Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
- Axis 3: General Medical Condition present?
- Axis 4: Psychosocial or Environmental Problems present?
- Axis 5: What is the Global Assessment of the person's functioning? 0-100
Term
*Generalized AD
Definition
- constant worrying, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, fidgeting
- can't identify cause of anxiety
- accompanied by depression, physical problems
- 2/3 are women
Term
*Panic Disorder
Definition
- heart palpitations
- shortness of breath
- dizziness
Term
*Phobias
Definition
- irrational constant fears
- specific: of objects
- social: speaking in public, eating in open settings, etc.
Term
*OCD
Definition
- compulsions do not have to have a logical antidote for obsessions
- 2-3% of teens/early 20s affected
Term
*PTSD
Definition
- haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal
- survivors of war, accidents, assault, etc.
Term
*When does the likelihood of developing PTSD increase?
Definition
- greater emotional distress during trauma
- recurrence of trauma
- sensitive limbic system (stress hormones)
- genetic predisposition
Term
*Post-Traumatic Growth
Definition
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
Term
*Fear Conditioning
Definition
classically conditioned to fear a once neutral stimulus associated with an event (place of attack)
Term
*Observational Learning of Fear
Definition
noticing other people's fears and "learning" anxiety
Term
*Natural Selection and Fear
Definition
fear of things that threaten human existence
Term
*Genes and Fear
Definition
- anxiety gene: activates serotonin and/or glutamate
- twins can similar phobias, even when reared seperately
Term
*What part of the brain is most involved in the development of OCD?
Definition
- anterior cingulate cortex
- amygdala
Term
*Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders
Definition
- having a sense of being unreal
- being separated from body
- watch yourself as if in a movie
Term
*Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Definition
a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
Term
*Criticisms of DID
Definition
- not found outside the US
- role playing?
- learned response that reinforces reduction of anxiety?
Term
*Major Depressive Disorder
Definition
- symptoms lasting more that 2 weeks:
- chronic shortness of breath
- lethargy and fatigue
- feelings of worthlessness
- loss of interest
- isolation
Term
*Bipolar (Manic-Depressive) Disorder
Definition
- Depressive symptoms
- gloomy
- withdrawn
- inability to make decisions
- tired
- slow thought
- Manic symptoms
- elation
- euphoria
- desire for action
- hyperactive
- multiple ideas
Term
What causes mood disorders and what might explain the Western world's incidence of depression among youth and young adults?
Definition
- many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression
- depression is widespread
- women are nearly twice as prone to depression as men, internalized states
- most major depressive episodes self-terminate
- stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression
- with each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people
Term
*Schizophrenia
Definition
- disorganized and delusional thinking
- disturbed perceptions
- inappropriate emotions and action
Term
*Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, delusional talking, etc.)
Term
*Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
absence of appropriate behavior (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)
Term
*Recovery from Schizophrenia is doubtful when development is slow or ______, but recovery can occur if it develops rapidly or ______.
Definition
- chronic
- acute
Term
*Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients
Definition
- dopamine over-activity
- abnormal behavior in frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala
- morphology: enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles
- viral infection: schizophrenia observed in those who had the flu during the middle of fetal development
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
- person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members
- aggressive, ruthless
- mostly exhibited in men
Term
**Who founded humane ways to care for the mentally ill?
Definition
Philippe Pinel, Dorethea Dix
Term
**Psychotherapy
Definition
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a mental patient
Term
**Biomedical Therapy
Definition
uses drugs or other procedures that act on a patients nervous system, treating their psychological disorders
Term
**Eclectic Approach
Definition
uses various forms of healing techniques depending on the client's unique problems
Term
**Psychoanalysis
Definition
- Freud
- aimed to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where a patient could deal with it
- id-ego-superego conflicts
Term
**Psychoanalysis Methods
Definition
- free association: used to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts
- resistance: patient edits thoughts, resisting feelings to express emotion during free association
- transference: eventually the patient opens up and reveals their innermost feelings, developing positive or negative emotions towards therapist
Term
**Psychodynamic Therapy
Definition
- face to face
- understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient's life
- focuses on past
- inferiority complex is a theme
Term
**Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Definition
- variation of psychodynamic therapy
- focuses on symptom relief, not personality change
Term
**Humanistic Therapies
Definition
aim to boost fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness
Term
**Client-Centered Therapy
Definition
- Rogers
- active listening
- therapist listens to the needs of the patient in an accepting and nonjudgmental way
- build's client self-esteem
Term
**Behavior Therapy
Definition
- used to treat phobias
- focuses on a goal, not the past
Term
**Counterconditioning
Definition
- conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
- exposure therapy: expose patients to things they fear until anxiety lessens
- aversive conditioning: associates an unpleasant state w/ an unwanted behavior (not very effective)
Term
**Behavior Modification and Token Economy
Definition
- desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are ignored or punished
- patients exchange a token of some sort for various treats
Term
**Cognitive Therapy
Definition
teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene b/w events and our emotional reactions
Term
**Who suggested that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy and thus associate minor failings in life as major causes for their depression?
Definition
Aaron Beck
Term
**Stress Inoculation Training
Definition
- Merchenbaum
- trained people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations
Term
**Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Definition
combines the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior
Term
**Group Therapy
Definition
- 6-9 people
- 90 min sessions
- helps more people and costs less
- clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems
Term
**Family Therapy
Definition
- treats family as a system
- focuses on positive relationships and improved comm
Term
**Client's Perception of Therapies
Definition
- often overestimate effectiveness
- enter therapy in crisis, crisis can subside naturally
- clients may need to believe therapy was worth the effort
- clients speak kindly of their therapists
Term
**Clinician's Perception of Therapies
Definition
- believe in therapy's success
- clients are better off in therapy
- aware of failures, blame them on other therapists
- blame client's psychological problems if they switch therapists
- likely to testify to the efficacy of therapy despite the outcome
Term
**Meta-analysis
Definition
- suggests that thousands of patients benefit more from therapy than those who did not go
- treated patients were 80% better than untreated patients
Term
***Social Psych
Definition
studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Term
***Social Thinking
Definition
- involves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected
- Was 9/11 the work of crazed evil people or ordinary people corrupted by life events?
Term
***Attribution Theory
Definition
Fritz Heider suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
Term
***Disposition vs. Situational Attribution Example
Definition
A teacher may wonder whether a child’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality (dispositional attribution) or is a reaction to stress or abuse (a situational attribution).
Term
***Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
- the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others
- we see Joe as quiet, shy, and introverted most of the time, but with friends he is very talkative, loud, and extroverted
Term
***Our Attitudes and Actions of Social Psych
Definition
- a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events
- if we believe a person is mean, we may feel dislike for the person and act in an unfriendly manner
Term
***Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Term
***Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension
Term
***Normative Social Influence
Definition
results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Term
***Informational Social Influence
Definition
results from one's willingness to accept others' opinions abut reality
Term
***Conformity
Definition
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
***Who designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience?
Definition
Stanley Milgram, shock experiment
Term
***Social Facilitation
Definition
refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
Term
***Social Loafing
Definition
the tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
Term
***Deindividuation
Definition
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Term
***Group Polarization
Definition
- enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion
- If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
Term
***Groupthink
Definition
a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives
Term
***Social Inequality and Prejudice
Definition
prejudice develops when people have money, power, and prestige, and others do not
Term
***Ingroup & Ingroup Bias
Definition
- people with whom one shares a common identity
- the tendency to favor one’s own group
Term
***Outgroup
Definition
those perceived as different from one’s group
Term
***The Just-World Phenomenon
Definition
the tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Term
***Proximity & the Psych of Attraction
Definition
- Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship
- mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction
Term
***Physical Attractiveness & the Psych of Attraction
Definition
once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance
Term
***Similarity & the Psych of Attraction
Definition
similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen
Term
***Passionate Love
Definition
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
Term
***Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Definition
- physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal
- arousal from any source can enhance one emotion depending upon what we interpret or label the arousal
Term
***Companionate Love
Definition
a deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Term
***Altruism
Definition
an unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Term
***Equity
Definition
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give
Term
***Self-Disclosure
Definition
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Term
***Bystander Effect
Definition
tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Term
***Conflict
Definition
perceived as an incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
Term
***Superordinate Goals
Definition
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Term
***Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT)
Definition
- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
- one side recognizes mutual interests and initiates a small conciliatory act that opens the door for reciprocation by the other party
Term
Mere Exposure Effect
Definition
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Term
Social-Responsibility Norm
Definition
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Term
Social Trap
Definition
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Term
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Definition
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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