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Psych Final
John Dittmar Final Study Guide
100
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2011

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Term
Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?
Definition
Ican Pavlov
Term
Learning that is an involuntary response that is strengthened or weakened depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequence is most closely associated with 
Definition
operant conditioning
Term
an aptitude test measures
Definition
ability and predicted success in an area of interest
Term
a researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. which research technique is this?
Definition
survery
Term
which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur, without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way?
Definition
naturalistic observation
Term
which of these is the best example of premack principle?
Definition
first you complete your homework then you can play
Term
learning a pattern of a phone number is descriptive of
Definition
chunking
Term
what is a representative sample
Definition
a sample selected to reflect the characteristics of a population of interest
Term
joe and cara are agents for a complaney that owns apartment buildings. joe gets a commission each time he rents three aparatments. cara recieves a salary each week regardless of the number of apartments she rents. joe is on a _____ schedule and cara is on a ______ schedule of reinforcment. 
Definition
fixed ratio, fixed-interval
Term
which memory system provides a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?
Definition
sensory memory
Term
the personal sense of belonging, belief of having influence on anothers conduct or emotional state and a conviction that your very prescence affects the outcomes of the lives of others whether in a family, community or organization in scientitifically being researched and it called
Definition
connectedness 
Term
what name was given to John B Watson's approach to psychology
Definition
behavoriorism
Term
the psychological concept defined as indiciduals ability to handle stress properly adjust to new and difficult situations, while maintaining or strengthening their ability to compensate for disappointment and keep positive outlook for the future is best described as 
Definition
resilency
Term
what is an event of stimulus that makes the behavior it follows more likely to occur?
Definition
reinforcer
Term
a person who has lived all her life in new york city would probably find life in the country _____, according to the ____ theory of motivation
Definition
boring, optimum level
Term
which group of correlation coefficents is presented from the highest in magnititude to the lowest in magnititude
Definition
-.80,-.50,+.32
Term
what type of stimuli did hermann ebbinghaus use in his memory research?
Definition
nonesense syllables
Term
hermann ebbinghaus found that memory is best immeditaley after we learn information, and we gradually forget more as time passes. what name is given to this observation?
Definition
curve of forgetting
Term
which is the correct sequence of events in classical conditioning?
Definition
cs > ucs > ucr > cs > cr
Term
which schedule of reinforcment depends on the number of response the organism makes?
Definition
ratio
Term
what do we call the variable an experimenter maniulates in order to determine its effects in an experiment?
Definition
independent variable
Term
an individuals tendecy to maintain internal stability or comfort levels is called
Definition
homeostasis
Term
which situation best illustrates the placebo effect?
Definition
you drink a nonalcoholic drink and become intoxicated because you think it contains alcohol
Term
what was the unconditioned stimulus in the case of little albert?
Definition
a loud noise
Term
at a resturant you order the following items: you favorite dish and your favorite appetizer. later you become nauseated. what is likely to happen in the future as a result of this experience?
Definition
you will not assocaited nausea with either of these items
Term
what process is exhibited by an animal that learns to respond differently to two different stimuli
Definition
discrimination
Term
which example represents a positive correlation
Definition
the more days you miss the more points you lose
Term
when you were first learning to make your bed your parents told you you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still messy. for the next week they showed you how to make it a bit neater each time the bed was made. what operant conditioning prodecdure did your parents use?
Definition
shaping
Term
drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called
Definition
homeostasis
Term
how long does information remain in short term memory?
Definition
10-20 seconds
Term
according to abraham maslow developing one's full potential to its fullest extent results in 
Definition
self acutalzation
Term
a researcher is investigating the effects of meditation on stress levels. identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment 
Definition
the independent variable is amount of stress and the dependent is meditation
Term
which memory storage system seems to last indefinitley
Definition
long term memory
Term
a child learning to recite the alphabet is an example of
Definition
serial-learning
Term
when ivan pavlov presented meat powser, the dog salivated. the meat powder was the _____ and salivatoin was the _______
Definition
ucs, ucr
Term
according to abraham maslows hierarchy, which needs must be met first?
Definition
pyhsiological
Term
a grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. what is the cookie in the example?
Definition
postive reinforcer
Term
a clincical psychologist wants to understand the behavior of hyperactive children. he decided to focus on jenny, a six year old who has shown signs of hyperactivity. which research method is the psychologist using?
Definition
case study
Term
testing that is not sensitive to cultural differences found in those being studied are considered to be
Definition
bias
Term
if you recieve reinforcment based on the number of responses you make, but the number of required responses changes each time, your behavior is reinforced on a ____ schedule
Definition
variable ratio
Term
what is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use?
Definition
memory
Term
noam chornsky and other linguists that believe that the desire to communicate is innate are described as
Definition
nativist learning theorists
Term
according to garnders theory of multiple intelligence, and individual that excels at understanding their own eomotions has a high
Definition
intrapersonal intelligence
Term
learning to connect the color red with the verbal label is an example of
Definition
paired associate learning
Term
which term best describes a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience?
Definition
learning
Term
in which type of conditioning is the learners behavior important in bringing about the learning?
Definition
operant
Term
mary was bitten by a dog, now she fears the dog that bit her as well as other dogs. what aspect of classical conditioning is illustrated in what happened to mary?
Definition
generalzation
Term
ginny has become fearful of snakes when she was bitten as a girl. however she has been around a number of snakes since then and no longer fears them, what classical conditioning process appears to be at work?
Definition
extinction
Term
which of these is the best analogy for the process of chunking?
Definition
memorizing a telephone number
Term
the ability to apply thought concepts in understanding the real world utilizing skills and resources and properly employing action within the environment describes
Definition
intelligence
Term
scaffolding relates to
Definition
vygotsky's view of the cognitive growth in an individuals experience
Term
when ainsworth studied attachment behavior in babies, how did she find securely attached babies acted in strange situations?
Definition
the were panic stricken if mother left
Term
one of the purposes of the creatoin of the disgnostic and statistical manual of the mental disorders was to
Definition
allow psychotherapists to collaborate and communicate intelligently
Term
what is an intense reciprocal relationship between a child and an adult?
Definition
attachment
Term
that baby;s sex is determined at conception by
Definition
a chromosome contributed by the father
Term
in what type of research design are the same participants repetedly observed or tested?
Definition
longitdinal
Term
paul thinks everyone notices that his hair would not comb right this morning. he knows the girls in the corner are laughing about it. paul is demostrating a phenomenon called
Definition
imaginary audience
Term
maria is 39 years old and pregnant. because her chances of having a with (blank) are then average. she may consider undergoing (blank)
Definition
down syndrome, amniocentesis
Term
harry and harlow raised monkeys with wire mesh mothers that provided nourshment, and with a soft cloth covered "mothers" that provided no nourshment. what did these baby monnkeys do when they were frightened?
Definition
the ran to the soft cloth covered mother
Term
what term designated a specific amount of time during development when certain damageor processes can or should take place?
Definition
critcal period
Term
finding that T only attaches to A and C to G is relevant to
Definition
the structure of DNA
Term
out of mind out of sight is a good summary of the view of a child who has not yet mastered
Definition
object permanence
Term
which of erik eriksons psychocosial crisis revolves around whether the child can depend on the primary care giver?
Definition
trust vs mistrust
Term
john believes he is better than everyone else, what personality disorder is this?
Definition
narcissistic
Term
what term designates biological, chemical, or physical agents that can cause birth defects?
Definition
teratogens
Term
during which stage does an organism develop major organ systems?
Definition
fetus
Term
your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. what stage of jean piagets model of congnitive development does this behavior suggest?
Definition
sensorimotor
Term
how would you elicit the rooting reflex in your newborn niece
Definition
lightly stroke her cheek
Term
what term designates the developing human between the 2nd and 9th weeks after fertilization?
Definition
embryo
Term
juan wants to show off his daughter to his friends so he slips his fingers into her hair and lifts her up. which reflex is his daughter demostrating?
Definition
palmar reflex
Term
an individual able to make a strong personal commitments to other people has successfully resolved eriks psychosocial crisis of 
Definition
intimacy vs isolation
Term
dr.smith believes people who are very aggresive have become so because of their life experiences. dr jones believes people are more or less agressive from birth because of genetic factors. what issue in devlopmental psychology is heightened by their disagreement?
Definition
nature and nurture
Term
which of the following birth defects is not caused by a teratogen
Definition
sickle cell amenia
Term
the assemblage of a set of enduring characteristics or traits that produces a consistent pattern of behavior is identified as
Definition
personality
Term
what are longstanding patterns of maladaptive behavior that are usually evident during adolescence and are highly resistant to treatment
Definition
personality disorders
Term
every year the psychology department asks its faculty to describe their specialties so students will have career planning information. dr.jonas is a lifespan developmental psychologist. when he is asked for a title for his presenatation, which of the following is he most likely to use?
Definition
from zygote to late adulthood
Term
ted is sitting in the campus center when he is suddenly overcome by an intense fear that he had never experienced before. his body seems to be racing out of control and he wonders if he is having a heart attack, ted's symtpoms would be called
Definition
a panic attack
Term
don is a psychiatrist in private practice. when you look on his office wall you will find evidence that he earned which degree
Definition
M.D
Term
Which list has jean piaget's stages of cognitive devlopment in correct sequence
Definition
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Term
when someone accidentaly slams the kitchen door, andrea flings out her arms and legs then brings them close to her body. which reflex is this newborn exhibting?
Definition
moro
Term
sigmund freud proposed that his patients disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to
Definition
sex
Term
chris is visiting her physician for a routine prenatal care, she is in her 15th week of pregnancy. what term would he doctor use to describe the developing human
Definition
fetus
Term
what term to psychologists use to describe a stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that distinguishes one person from another
Definition
personality
Term
which individual is in middle adult hood?/
Definition
cara who is 55
Term
according to erik erikson personlity is molded by the way we deal with a series of ___ that occur as we grow older. 
Definition
psychological crises
Term
the primary preventable in-utero cause of mental retardation is
Definition
fetal alchol syndrome
Term
axis 1 disgnosis identifies a ___ while axis 2 refers to a possible ____
Definition
clinical disorder, personality disorder
Term
the sex chromosomes of females are ___ and males they are ____
Definition
xx, xy
Term
what is the study of the physical, cognitve, and psycholosocial changes that occur throughtout the life span?
Definition
developmental psychology
Term
what is the one cell structure that forms when a sperm and an egg unite?
Definition
zygote
Term
what would you do to elicit a babinski reflex in an infant
Definition
stroke the bottom of a babys foot
Term
according to lev vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development.
Definition
social interation
Term
a doctor examined a baby just a few days old and found that he has a small head, flat midface, and heart defects. what substance taken by the mother during pregnancy is likely responsible for these problems?
Definition
alcohol
Term
which people have an elevated risk for developing tay-sachs disease
Definition
eastern european jews
Term
what did john b watons consider to be the most important factor influencing development?
Definition
environment
Term
what are common consequences to a child if the mother smoked during pregnancy?
Definition
lower birth weight and hyperactivitey
Term
which of the following sets of units is arranged in order from largest to smallest?
Definition
chromomsomes, genes, dna
Term
throughts and beliefs hold the key to understanding psychological disorders according to 
Definition
cognitive therapy
Term
which of these is the most accurate defintion of puberty
Definition
time when individuals reach full sexual maturity
Term
what field combines psychology and biology to investigate the influence of heredity and environment on behavior?
Definition
behavior genetics
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