Term
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Definition
| The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
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Term
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Definition
| The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
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Term
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Definition
| A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of all parts. |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| A condition that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual |
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Term
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Definition
| A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to understand human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. |
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Definition
| An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
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Definition
| A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
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Definition
| A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior. |
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Definition
| The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
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Term
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Definition
| Originally a Greek school of medicince that stressed the importance of observation, and now generally used to describe any attempt to acquire knowledge by observing objects or events |
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Term
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Definition
| A description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured |
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Term
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Definition
| A device that can detect the measurable events to which an operational definition refers |
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Term
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Definition
| A device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for an operational definition and a property to have a clear conceptual relation |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical law stating that as sample size increases, the attributes of a sample will more closely reflect the attributes of the population from which it was drawn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think an observer wants or expects them to behave |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments |
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Term
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Definition
| An observation whose true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as from the participant |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical measure of the direction and strength of a correlation, which is signified by the letter r. |
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Term
| Third-Variable Correlation |
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Definition
| The face that two variables may be correlated only because they are both caused by a third variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| An observational technique that involves matching the average of the participatns in the experimental and control groups in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of experimentation in which the researcher artificially creates a pattern of variation in an independent variable in order to determine its causal powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that is manipulated in an experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that is measured in a study |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristic of an experiment that allows one to draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between and independent and dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic of an experiment in which the independent and dependent variables are operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs, usually in the form of a statement about the causal relationship between two or more properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific and testable prediction |
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Term
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Definition
| The 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
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Term
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Definition
| The "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "inside-to-outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theories about or models of the way the world works. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world. |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and last through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others' minds and learn to reason abstactly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently. |
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Term
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Definition
| The emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
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Term
| Internal Working Model of Attachment |
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Definition
| A set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic patterns of emotional activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and last until the beginning of adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two. |
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Term
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Definition
| Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occured more frequently |
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Term
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Definition
| A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached. |
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Term
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Definition
| A well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| When people think that two events are more likely to occur together that either individual event |
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Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| A mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event. |
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Term
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Definition
| When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) |
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Term
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Definition
| A framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains. |
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Term
| Frequency Format Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of searching for the means or stemps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal. |
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Term
| Analogical Problem Solving |
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Definition
| Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental activity that consists of organizing information of beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Figuring out what to do, or reasing directed toward action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief |
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Term
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Definition
| People's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by the mind's eye |
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Term
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Definition
| How things seem to the conscious person |
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Term
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Definition
| The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others |
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Term
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Definition
| The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body |
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Term
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Definition
| A task in which people wearing hear different messages presented to each ear. |
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Term
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon |
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| A low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state |
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Term
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Definition
| A distinct level of consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object |
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Term
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Definition
| The attempt to change conscious states of mind |
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Term
| Rebound Effect of Thought Suppression |
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Definition
| The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression |
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Term
| Ironic Processes of Mental Control |
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Definition
| Mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for error can itself produce them |
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Term
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Definition
| An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental processes that give rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person |
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Term
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Definition
| A dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| A dream's true underlying meaning |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Model |
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Definition
| The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activactions that occur randomly during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors |
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Term
| Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence |
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Definition
| Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to process information |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| The accuracy and amount of information available for processing |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic make-up |
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Term
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Definition
| Those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household |
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Term
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Definition
| Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household |
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Term
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Definition
| A positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity |
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Term
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Definition
| An evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which people predict their emotional reactions to future events |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe food restriction of food intake |
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Term
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Definition
| A motivation to experience positive outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives describe their own behavior or mental state |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| A well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
| A standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality |
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Term
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Definition
| A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure. |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| A projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they wee the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way |
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Term
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Definition
| The traits of the five-factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, opennes to experience, and extraversion |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness- motives that can also produce emotional disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodiily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental system that reflect the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threat from unacceptable impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly for oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less-threatening alternative |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope |
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Term
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Definition
| A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training |
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Term
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Definition
| The third psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealously, and conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| A developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex paretn is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner. |
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Term
| Self-Actualizing Tendency |
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Definition
| The human motive toward realizing our innter potential |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
| An attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person |
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Term
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Definition
| A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Approach |
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Definition
| An approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situation encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them |
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Term
| Person-Situation Controversy |
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Definition
| The question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self |
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Term
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Definition
| People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms; restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extremem fear of venturing into public places |
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Term
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Definition
A condition in which normal cognitive process are severly disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years.
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| The presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that a different times take control of the individual's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudeen loss of memory for significant personal information |
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Term
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Definition
| The sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by a severly depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years |
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Term
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Definition
| A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression. |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| Depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| An unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high hood (mania) and low mood (depression). |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes: a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation. |
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Term
| Grossly Disorganized Behavior |
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Definition
| Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; povery of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional overinvolvement (intrusizenss) and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) |
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Definition
| A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood and earyl adolesce and continues into adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| An interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support of relieft from the problem |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem. |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Psychotherapies |
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Definition
| A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourage individuals to development insight into their psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies |
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Term
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) |
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Definition
| A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relieft is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of behavior therapy that uses positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. |
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Term
| The study of drugs effects on psychological states and symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior whose purpose is to harm another |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Principle |
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Definition
| A principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted |
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| Behavior that benefits another without benefiting onself. |
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| The process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives |
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| Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future |
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| The tendency for people to expand less effort when in a group than alone |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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| The tendency for individuals to feel dimished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way |
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| The tendecny for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time. |
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| The tendecncy for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
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| An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction |
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| An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being |
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| The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits. |
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| The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship. |
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| Learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished |
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| A change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason. |
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| A change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion |
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| Foot-In-The-Door Technique |
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| A strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior |
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| An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs. |
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| The processes by which people come to understand others |
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| A phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive |
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| A phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive |
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| The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation |
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