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| Normal/Abnormal Distinction as related to psychological disorders |
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Term
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| The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical cauess that can be diagnosed, treated and (mostly) cured through treatment in a hospital. |
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| the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. updated as a 2000 "text revisions"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. |
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Definition
| A more substantially revised DSM that will appear in 2012. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder makred by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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| An anxiety disorder makred by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. |
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Term
| Obsessive/compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
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Term
| Negative reinforcement in phobias & obsessive compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| Negative reinforcement helps maintain our phobias and compulsions after they arise. Avoiding/escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety, thus reinforcing the phobic behavior. |
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Term
| Post traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by hauting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a mood disorder where a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminshed interest or pleausre in most activities. |
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| a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over-excited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder). |
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| a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
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Term
| Learned helplessness and depression |
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Definition
| Learned helplessness is a condition in which humans (and animals) act depressed, passive, and withdrawn after experiencing uncontrollable painful events; it often results in self-defeating beliefs, which can turn into depression (learned helplessness is more common in women than men). |
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| a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inapporpriate emotions and actions. |
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| sensory experiences without sensory stimulation- e.g. seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that are not there. |
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Definition
| false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
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Definition
| a symptom of schizophrenia that results from disorganized thinking- the thinking of a person with schizophrenia is fragmented, bizarre, and often distorted by false beliefs. |
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Term
| Dopamine activity and schizophrenia |
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Definition
| schizophrenic brains have been found to have an excess of receptors for dopamine; such a high level of dopamine receptors intensify brain signals in schizophrenia, creating positive symptoms like hallucinations and paranoia (amphetamines and cocaine increase dopamine levels and intensify the symptoms). |
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Term
| Maternal virus during pregnancy and schizophrenia |
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Definition
| a midpregnancy viral infection impairs fetal brain development; certain evidence suggests that fetal-virus infections play a contributing role in the development of schizophrenia. |
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Term
| Anti-social personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder where the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, even twoard friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless/a clever con artist. |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis as therapy |
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Definition
| Freud's therapeutic technique; he believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-- and the therapist's interp. of them--release previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
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Definition
| Freud's therapy aimed to bring patients' repressed feelings into conscious awareness, giving them insight into the origins of their disorders and helping them take responsibility for their own growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. |
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). |
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| therapy deriving from the sychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. |
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Definition
| one of the insight therapies; aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing the cilent's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. |
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Term
| Client-centered/person-centered therapy |
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Definition
| a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers developed the widely used humanistic technique he called client-centered therapy. |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| a caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
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Definition
| Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies- a feature of Roger's client-centered therapy. |
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Definition
| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
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| a psychiatrist who refined Mary Jone's story of Peter and the rabbit into what are now the most widely used types of behavior therapies: exposure therapies. |
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias. |
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Term
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Definition
| After several sessions using the realxed state to desensitize a person to an imagined situation, a therapist moves them into actual situations, starting with relatively easy tasks and then moving to more anxiety-filled ones; conquering anxiety in an actual situation. |
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| a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). |
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| a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. |
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Term
| Operant conditioning as it relates to systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning |
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Definition
| reinforceing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for/punishing undesired behaviors; people's ability to discriminate between the aversive conditioning situation and all other situations can limit the treatment's effectiveness. Thus, therapists often use aversive conditioning in combo with other treatments. |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure where people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges/treats. |
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Definition
| therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
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| Beck's therapy for depression |
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Definition
| cognitive therapy that can reverse people's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, their situations, and their futures. Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then to persuade people to remove dark glasses through which they see life. |
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| Cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). |
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Definition
| an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
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Term
| Electro-convulsive therapy |
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Definition
| a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
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Term
| Anti-psychotic drugs and dopamine |
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Definition
| drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of sever thought disorder; the molecules of most antipsychotic drugs are similar enough to molecules of dopamine to occupy its receptor sites and block its activity (reinforces idea that dopamine contributes to schizo). |
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| drugs used to control anxiety and agitation; e.g. Xanax or Ativan (they depress central nervous system activity and shouldn't be taken with alcohol). |
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| drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters; they increase the availability of neural transmitters that elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression. |
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| antidepressants that have been largely replaced by newer antidepressants such as SSRI's (Selective-seratonin-reuptake-inhibitors). |
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Definition
| antidepressants that slow the synaptic vacuuming up of seratonin; side effects include dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizzy spells. |
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Definition
| a simple salt that can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering from emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder. |
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Definition
| drugs that act as mood stabalizers; their goal is to supress the rapid and excess firing of neurons that start a seizure. An effective anti-convulsant stops the spread of the seizure within the brain and protect it against effects leading to brain damage. |
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Definition
| the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
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Definition
| feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
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Term
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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Definition
| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
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Term
| Zimbardo and the Stanford prison study |
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Definition
| role playing effects attitudes; In this specific situation and in other atrocity-producing situations, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. Person and situation interact. |
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Definition
| the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; e.g. when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. |
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Term
| Conformity and Asch's studies |
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Definition
| adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard; Asch studied conformity and his result was that "more than one-third of the time, "intelligent and well meaning" college-student participants were then "willing to call white black" by going along with the group. |
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Definition
| stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others; Norman Triplett's hypothesis that the presence of others boosts performance. |
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| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable; described by Bibb Latane who did many experiments on the concept. |
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Definition
| the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity; to become deindividuated is to become more responsive to the group experience. |
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| Weapons of the Spirit and the citizens of LeChambon |
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Definition
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Term
| Operant conditioning and related terms |
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Definition
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant behavior = operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Operant chamber = Skinner box
Law of effect = rewarded behavior is likely to recur. |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of behavior: anything an organism does--and mental processes: subjective experiences such as sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoguhts, beliefs, and feelings. |
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Term
| Structure and function of the neuron |
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Definition
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
Consists of: cell body/branching fibers, dendrite fibers that receive info and send it toward the cell body, the axon (covered in myelin sheath) that passes the message along to other neurons. Axons speak, dendrites listen. |
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| Freud's psychosexual stages |
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Definition
Oral (0-8 months)= pleasure centers on mouth: sucking, biting, chewing
Anal (18-36 mos.)= pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Phallic (3-6 yrs.)= Pleasure zone is genitals
Latency (6-puberty)= dormant sexual feelings
Genital (puberty on)= maturation of sexual interests |
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Term
| Piaget's theory of cognitive development |
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Definition
children progress thourhg four stages of cognitive development:
1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)= experiencing the world through senses/actions
2. Pre-op (2 to 6/7 yrs)= repping things with words/images
3. Concrete op (7-11 yrs)=thinking logically about concrete events, etc.
4. Formal op (12-adulthood)= abstract reasoning |
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| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
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Definition
each stage of life has its own psychosocial task. Stages of psychosocial development:
1. Infancy (to 1 yr)= trust vs. mistrust
2. Toddlerhood (1-3 yrs)= autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. Preschool (3-6 yrs)= initiative vs. guilt
4. Elementary school (6-puberty)= industry vs. inferiority
5. Adolescence (teens-20s)= ID vs. role confusion
6. Young adulthood (20-40)= intimacy vs. isolation
7. Middle adulthood (40-60)= generativity vs. stagnation
8. Late adulthood (60+)= integrity vs. despair |
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