• Suicidal idealations- thoughts of killing one's self
• Suicidal intentions- thoughts of killing one's self ande actually planning to do so
• Suicidal attempts: involve behaviors intended to cause deaths but don't result in deaths

• Many people discuss their intention to commit suicide
• People who attempt to commit suicide are crazy- in fact they are depressed, etc.
• Talking to a person about suicide will give them the idea

• selective abstraction- one aspect of a complex situation is the focus of attention & everything else is ignored
• Dichotomous reasoning- thinking in extreme and absolute terms
• Over-generalization- deriving a rule from one area and applying it to other symptoms/events
• Magnification- exaggerating the significance of events

• hereditary disposition
• Problems in the brain's reward circuitry
• Puberty in females leads to surges in estrogen, lead to increased anxiety

• Social support (especially from mother for girls)
• Thinking style
• Peers who are not perfectionists about appearance

• Hospitalization
• Family therapy = single most effective model

• Obtain and sustain cooperation of all family members
• Assess family organization and interactions re:eating and other anorexia symptoms
• Intervene to help family members change responses to eating and to facilitate healthy eating habits and weight gain. Use suggestion, persuasion, personal authority and behavioral modification

• Refeeding the client- parents and siblings develop united front
• Negotiate for new pattern of family interactions
• after weight gain continue to focus on broader issues (ex. perfectionism, autonomy, boundaries)

• Cognitive-behavioral: focuses on negative thinking

1. Educate person about bulimia
2. Teach behavioral strategies
3. Seek social support
4. Work on dysfunctional attitudes about beauty

• Young adults
• Young antisocial
• Functional
• Intermediate familial subtype
• Chronic severe subtype

Interventions fro problem drinking

• Informal, individual self-help
• Informal group help-controlled drinking
• Informal help- abstinence
• Formal therapy - psychosocial (outpatient, day treatment, residential treatment); medication; AA

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized speech
• Disorganized/catatonic behavior

• Case management
• Vocational rehab
• Social cognitive and interaction training
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Motivational interviewing
• Family therapy

1. Positive family relationships
2. No substance abuse
3. Short duration
4. Positive initial response to medicine
5. Adherence to treatment
6. Supportive psychosocial therapy
7. Near-normal cognitive function
8. Reasonably few negative symptoms
9. Reasonably good premorbid history
10. Ongoing access to care

1. Know the available resources
2. Become an educated caregiver
3. Get help- ask for assistance
4. Take care of yourself
5. Manage your stress

• Bipolar I- mania or mania and MDE
• Bipolar II- MDE and hypomania
• Cyclothymis- hypomania and depression

• Does not enjoy play
• Often irritable/sad
• Stays by him/herself
• Seems tired/lacks energy
• Excessive guild
• Play has sad/death themes
• Changes in appetite
• Little reaction to happy

Presence of at least 5 of following during same 2-week perion:

• Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
• Markedly diminished interest/pleasure in almost all activities most of the day, nearly every day
• markedly diminshed interest or pleasure in almost all activities most of the day
• significant weight loss/gain, or decrease in appetite nearly every day
• insomnia/hypersomnia nearly every day
• feelings of unworthiness/unnecessary guilt
• reduced ability to think/concentrate/indecisiveness
• recurrent thoughts of death/suicide
• Significant distress/impairment

• Presence of a major depressive episode
• No history of manic/hypomanic episode

• Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years
• Presence, of at least two of the following: poor appetite/overeating, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy/fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration/difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopelessness
• During 2-year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
• No history of manic/hypomanic episode
• Significant distress/impairment

• A period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least one week
• Persistence of at least three of following: inflicted self-esteem/grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkativeness than usual/pressure to keep talking, flight of ideas or the experience that thoughts are racing, distractibility, increase in activity/psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consequences
• Significant distress/impairment

• Presence of a manic, hypomanic, major depressve episode
• If currently in a hypomanic/major depressive episode, history of a manic episode
• Significant distress/impairment

• Presence of hypomanic/major depressive eppisode
• If currently in major depressive episode, hisotry of hypomanic episode. if currently in hypomanic, history of major depressive. no history of manic
• Significant distress/impairment

1. Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment/distress
2. At least one of following features w/in one year:

• Recurrent substance use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work/school/home
• Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
• Recurrent substance-related legal problems
• Substance use that continues despite causing/increasing social/interpersonal problems

1. Maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment/distress
2. At least 3 of following

• Tolerance
• Withdrawal
• Substance often taken in larger amounts over a longer period than was intended
• Persistent desire for substance/unsuccessful efforts to control substance use
• Considerable time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the substance
• Substance use in place of important activities
• Substance use that continues despie its causing or increasing persistent physical/psychological problems

1. At least 2 of following symptoms over 1-month period:

• Delusions
• Hallucination
• Disorganized speech
• Grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior
• Negative symptoms

1. Functioning markedly below the level achieved prior to onset
2. Continuous signs of the disturbance for at least 6 months

• Individual is out of touch with reality
• Has irresistable urge, regardless of social norms

• Educate about the stress reactions and processes that can be expected
• Actively listen to the feelings of sadness, anger/rage, anxiety, frustration
• Teach coping skills, ex. relaxation, self-talk, seeking social support
• Re-experience the trauma in a controlled setting (exposure therapy)
• Integrate the trauma into one's life
• Long-term process- "benefit finding:" able to see how the experience may have made you a better person

• severe trauma, i.e. combat
• When there are significant pre-existing psychological problems
• A history of previous trauma
• ongoing trauma in childhood, ex. physical/sexual abuse

• Medication (not primary treatment): antidepressants, mood stabilizers- adjunctive only
• Cognitive processing therapy: trying to think differently about the traumatic experience, encouraging people to write about their experiences
• Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing- theory that there is something about moving the eyes around that cures depression
• Group therapy- able to listen and talk to people who have similar experiences
• debriefing- traditionally believed that it is best to talk about event immediately after, found that some need time to process

• Stressful event: necessary but not sufficient, though can be very powerful
• Biological  factors: involve amygdala, anterior cingulate, hippocampus. Neurchemicals such as nonrepinephrine and cortisol may damage hippocampus, which is involved with learning, memory, and regulation of stress hormones. Limbic system: amygdala and hippocampus deal with emotions
• Chldhood experiences- especially high stress before puberty
• Lack of social support
• Personality/tempermental factors and cognitive-style: negative emotion withdrawal, low adaptability