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Definition
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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| a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
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| the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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Definition
| a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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| Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
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Definition
| the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
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| an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve |
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Definition
| an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
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Definition
| significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa |
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Definition
| a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard |
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| a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience |
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| the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
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Definition
| the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion |
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| the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion on must by physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
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Definition
| a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) |
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Definition
| emotional release. In psychology, the catharis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges |
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| feel-good, do-good phenomenon |
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Definition
| people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
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Definition
| self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life |
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| adaption-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
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Definition
| the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself |
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Definition
| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
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| general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in the three states--alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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Definition
| Freud's theory of personality that attributes throughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Aaccording to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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Definition
| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phalic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy or hatred for the rival father |
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Definition
| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorperate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the oppostire of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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Definition
| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons reasons for one's actions |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
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Definition
| defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities |
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Definition
| Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces form our species' history |
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Definition
| a personality test, such as the Roschach of TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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Definition
| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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Definition
| a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
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Definition
| according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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Definition
| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?" |
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Definition
| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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Definition
| a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| a test, such as the MMPI, developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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Term
| social-cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context |
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Definition
| the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate |
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Term
| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| the perception that you control your own fate |
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Term
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Definition
| the hopelessness and passive resignition an animal or juman learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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Definition
| in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Definition
| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders; as if we presume a spotlight shines on us |
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Definition
| one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
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Term
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Definition
| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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Term
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Definition
level of stress or arousal
If your level is low, your degree of performance is in the sleep stage, if you are at a medium level your degree of performance is in the optimal parformance stage, and if you are at a high level of arousal you are in the disorganizational stage |
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Term
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Definition
| food intake and metabolism |
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Term
| Cannon and Washburn experiment |
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Definition
| They wanted to test if hunger aroused from the stomach. One of them swallowed a balloon with a tube attached to test this. When there is a stomach contraction, he presses a button because there is a stomach pain, which he thinks is hunger. He felt full when the balloon was expanded. Washburn was the experimentor and subject, so there was bias. The stomach contracts more when there is food in it. |
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Term
| effect of rewards on motivation |
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Definition
| type of task, type of reward, expectation, contingent on performance |
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Term
| Achievement motivation in the real world |
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Definition
-cognitively stimulating environment fosters intrinsic motivation
-rewarding successes increases motivation to succeed
-ignoring achievement and punishing failure increases fear of failure |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges |
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Term
| What are the 3 different types of stressors? |
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Definition
-distant:traumatic experiences that occured in the past (abuse)
-chronic:usually do not have an end in sight (unemployment)
-acute:stressor that does have an end in sight and can range in severity (finals) |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of physiological, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to demands that exceed a person's resources |
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Term
| General Adaption Syndrome |
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Definition
1. Alarm reation (mobilize resources)
2. Resistance (cope with stressors)
3. Exhaustion (reserves depleted) |
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Term
| Stress and the Immune System |
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Definition
-acute stress: mixed results, dependent on length and severity of stressor (brief stressors are more susceptible to viral, but not bacterial infections)
-chronic stress: clear, negative impact on immunity
-distant stress: no current impact on immunity |
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Term
| lateral hypothalamus (LH) |
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Definition
"hunger" center
stimulate-->start eating
ablate-->undereating (starve) |
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Term
| ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) |
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Definition
"satiety" center
stimulus-->stop eating
ablate-->overeating (obesity) |
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Term
| Dual Hypothalamic control theory |
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Definition
| 2 parts inhibits one another. You aren't feelings hungry as you fill up |
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Term
| Schachter's Experiment and Results |
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Definition
1. Gave subjects sanwiches to eat
2. Then gave subjects crackers to "taste"
3. Asked for rating of the crackers
-He wasn't interested in the rating, he was only interested in how many crackers the subjects ate.
Results
Skinnies ate fewer crackers-internally controlled
fatties at all the crackers-externally controlled |
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Term
| Guilty Knowledge Test vs. Control Question Test |
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Definition
Guilty knowledge test- asked questions only people who committed the crime would know. Guilty person would react more than anyone else
Control question test- asked questions many people do wrong. Then they asked tough questions the guilty person would react to. |
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Term
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Definition
Hassels-troubling thought about the future, being lonely, too many things to do
Uplifts-completing a task, socializing with friends, laughing |
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Term
| Wechsler's definition of intelligence |
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Definition
| the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his or her environment |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases with age; the ability to learn and problem solve |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| increases with age; the sum of what you know |
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Term
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Definition
| a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
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Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests |
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Definition
verbal comprehension (vocabulary, information, similarities, comprehension)
working memory (arithmatic, digit span, letter-number scale)
perceptual organization (picture completion, block design, visual puzzles)
processing speed (digit symbol-coding, cancellation, symbol search) |
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Term
| IQ mean and standard deviation, intellectual disability, things that influence IQ |
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Definition
mean=100, SD=15
intellectual disability is the lowest 1% of the population
prior testing, medication, educational history, and significant medical events influence people's IQ |
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Term
| Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
-we do not have one intelligence, but many distinct intelligences or skills that are valued by one's culture
-intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, naturalist, intrapersonal |
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Term
| Criteria of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
| full range of competance, localization and potential isolation by brain damage, identifiable set of core operations |
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Term
| Limitations of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
| has not led to any intelligence tests, personality dimensions rather than intelligence, practice versus innate ability, independence of intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| vague or general statements about personality that apply to nearly everyone who reads or hears the description |
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Term
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Definition
| the biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that accounts for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Term
| Theories of personality- Freudian/psychodynamic |
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Definition
| dynamic, unconscious, psychological conflict; Id, ego, superego |
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Term
| theories of personality-Jungian/Type |
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Definition
| Myers-Briggs; type A and type B, logic, and feelings |
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Term
| theories of personality-humanistic |
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Definition
| free will, subjective experiences define an individual (self-actualization) |
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Term
| theories of personality-behaviorist |
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Definition
| interaction with environment, response driven |
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Term
| theories of personality-biological |
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Definition
| specific brain areas; example-Phineas Gage (rod went through his head) |
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Term
| theories of personality-dispositional/trait |
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Definition
| enduring, stable traits that differ among individuals and influence behavior |
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Term
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Definition
conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
extraversion |
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Term
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Definition
-frequently experience negative feelings
-emotionally reactive
-interpret ordinary situations as threatening |
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Term
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Definition
-enjoy being with people, full of energy
-they like to talk, assert themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| -curious, aware of their feelings, individualistic |
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Term
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Definition
-value getting along with others
-considerate, friendly, generous
-people are basically honost, decent |
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Term
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Definition
-avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success
-regarded by others as intelligent and reliable |
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Term
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Definition
| syndromes characterized by maladaptive behavior |
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Term
| Benjamin Rush created what? |
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Definition
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Term
| abnormal behavior's statistical average |
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Definition
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Term
| abnormal behavior: social expectations |
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Definition
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Term
| abnormal behavior: absolute standard of psychological health |
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Definition
| "freedom from emotional distress" |
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Term
| Rosenhan idea and experiment |
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Definition
"Being sane in insane places"
had 8 normal pepole report hearing voices such as "empty" and "hollow" and went into a mental institution and were released in 1-7 weeks and were said to have "schizophrenia in remission"
the idea was that you can cheat the system |
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Term
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Definition
| mild; anxiety-related; no loss of touch with reality |
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Term
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Definition
| severe; delusions, hallucinations; loss of touch with reality |
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Term
| What are 5 Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
-generalized anxiety
-panic attacks
-phobic disorders
-obbsessive compulsive disorder
-post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| personal memory disrupted; forget important memories |
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Term
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Definition
| personal identity is disrupted |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| person has 2 identities living in the same body |
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Term
| Walter Mischel (situation) |
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Definition
-situation dictates behavior, not traits
-behavior in one situation doesn't predict behavior in another
-personality measures lack predictive validity |
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Term
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Definition
-if you measure it properly, personality does seem to exist
--combine measures of similar behaviors over time
--traits predictive of patterns of behavior, not instances
--use multiple sources |
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Term
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Definition
-behavior occurs infrequently in the population
-behavior violates social norms
-behavior creates great distress in the person experiencing it
-behavior causes social or occupation disability
-behaviors are unexpected responses to environmental stressors |
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Term
| Dignostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Axis I) |
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Definition
| clinical syndromes and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders (Axis II) |
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Definition
| personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
| Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(Axis III) |
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Definition
| general medical conditions |
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Term
| diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Axis IV) |
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Definition
| psychosocial and environmental problems |
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Term
| diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Axis V) |
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Definition
| global assessment of functioning |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
exposure to traumatic events; response (fear, helpless, horror)
symptoms must last more than 1 month |
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Term
| 3 post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms |
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Definition
-intrusion: traumatic event is persistently re-experienced
-avoidance: avoid stimuli associated with trauma
-arousal: symptoms of increased arousal |
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Term
| acute anxiety disorder criteria |
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Definition
| experience same symptoms of PTSD but symptoms last less than 1 month |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
-active
-unusual behavior
-incoherant thoughts, bizarre delusions, hallucinations |
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Term
| negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
-passive
-blunted affect: don't react to positive or negative events
-odd behavior: catatonia (motionless), waxy flexibility (motionless but can be moved) |
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Term
| what chance do family members have of also having schizophrenia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if you have a low stress of genetic predisposition level, it will take a high level of something in the environment to push you over |
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Term
| Dopamine (DA) Theory of schizophrenia |
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Definition
-too much DA causes positive symptoms
-DA antagonists reduce symptoms
-DA agonists worsen symptoms |
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Term
| Major Affective Disorders |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-despair
-reactive: caused by events
-endogenous: intrinsic |
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Term
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Definition
| alternating mania and depression |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatments for Major Affective Disorders |
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Definition
-Monoamine
-Trycycle Antidepressants
-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
-Electroconvulsant Shock Therapy Insulin
-Lithium: dose range is very narrow (John Cade) |
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